Tagelda n ttjara
Qarṭaǧ mačči d tezmert n umenɣi kan : ssɛaya-ines tekka-d seg uzeṭṭa n umsizwar i yeddan seg Tegzirin Tibritaniyin armi d ugmur n Tafrikt, akked seg ugaraw n Turuft armi d Ccerq.
n yimezdaɣ akken i d-yeqqar Strabon — imesnezruyen imaynuten ḥesben ugar 200 000 ɣer 400 000
n lṭraten n nnuqra (≈ 100 kg) deg wass : lbir n Baebelo, i Hanibal (Pline)
n tkalin i lbabura n umenɣi deg lebḥer azir (Appien)
n yidlisen n wedlis n tfellaḥt n Magun
Tigejdal n tedamsa
Ttjara, tiẓgi, lmɛadin akked lxiwanat : kuẓ n igumma n ssɛaya taqarṭaǧit.
Ttjara n lebḥer
Ul n tezmert taqarṭaǧit : iberdan n Lebḥer Ageraɣlan Lɣarbi.
- Aḥraz n webrid agmaṛan n uqezdir
- Aḥraz n yimagaren akked yiberdan tisertiyin
- Lxiwanat seg Marok armi d Libya, di Sicile, Sardaigne, Jzayer Baléares, Hispanya
- Amsizwar akked Igrikiyen, Yitruskiyen akked timdinin tifiniqiyin
Tafellaḥt
Tiẓgi tazegzawt n Tunisia n wassa gent Qarṭaǧ d axxam n yirden n Lebḥer Ageraɣlan.
- Irden, uzemmur, tfeṛṛant, ttjur n lɣella
- Tirrayin i d-yeḥka Magun
- Lexlawat timeqqranin xeddmen-tent aklan
- Lxeṛj n ccṛab, zzit akked yirden
Lmɛadin
Lmɛadin n Hispanya fkant-d ddheb d nnuqra ilaqen bessif.
- Nnuqra n Carthagène akked Sierra Morena
- Ddheb d ṣṣfeṛ n tegzirt n Hispanya
- Aqezdir n « Tegzirin n Cassitérides », ɣer ugafa-agmur
- Axleṣ n umenɣi mgal Ṛuma
Lesnaɛa
Lmesnuɛat ițwassnen deg Lebḥer Ageraɣlan akk.
- Lẓeɛfran yețwaxdemen seg murex
- Abennu n lbabura s yiḍrisen
- Djaǧ, lfexxaṛ, ddheb/nnuqra
- Tiɣawsiwin d ssǧaǧed
Iberdan n ttjara
| Tama | Amḍiq | Lexṛuǧat | Lxiwanat yekcamen |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agafa | Bretagne, Tegzirin Tibritaniyin & Gaule | Lfexxaṛ, ccṛab, ssǧaǧed, lǥawahar | Aqezdir, ambre, iglimen |
| Ccerq | Tefniqt & Ccerq | Nnuqra, irden, zzit n uzemmur | Lebxur, tiɣawsiwin n lemtaɛ, aɣes n ulfil |
| Agmur | Ugmur n Tafrikt & Ssaḥra | Lmelḥ, ssǧaǧed, lfexxaṛ, tikuraf n djaǧ | Ddheb, aɣes n ulfil, lḥiwanat ibeṛṛaniyen |
| Amalu | Hispanya & Ugaraw n Turuft | Lmesnuɛat, ccṛab | Nnuqra, ṣṣfeṛ, iɛeskriyen uqeṛḍasen, iyisan |
Lxiwanat i yemmten s wezɣal (ssǧaǧed, aɣanim, lmakla) ǧǧan-d drus n lɛalamat : tibdarin-agi smiden iḏrisen iqdimen d tesnfarrut.
Tirzan
Elisa seg Ṣur ɣer Qarṭaǧ, Hanun ɣef rrif n Tafrikt, Himilcon ɣer Ugaraw n Turuft n ugafa : ḍfeṛ iberdan, syen timura.
Tilisa iqerrben ɣef leḥsab n tezrawin n umezruy (timnaḏin n tiɣawla, mačči d tilisa n wass-agi). Agrudem n tkarṭa: Natural Earth. Imukan iqdimen: isental yettwassnen.
Tiklarit n Hanun
Settin n lbabura ɣef rrif n ugaraw n Turuft n Tafrikt, iwakken ad yesres lxiwanat, akken i d-yeqqar Tiklarit yettwaseknen fell-as.
Ɣer →
Gadir, tawwurt n Ugaraw n Turuft
Tamdint tafiniqit tamddakelt n Qarṭaǧ : syen i yeddu Himilcon ɣer ugafa, ɣef webrid n uqezdir.
Ttjara tasusmit
Deffir n Tgejdal n Hercule, Iqarṭaǧiyen sersen lxiwanat-nsen ɣef uglaḍ, imbeɛd rewlen ; imezdaɣ sersen-d ddheb ɣer tama. Ttɛawaden armi d lqerra, war ma mmeslayen — war lexdeɛ, akken i d-yeqqar Hérodote.
Aɣbalu : Hérodote, Imezruyen, IV, 196
Lẓeɛfran akked lxiwanat
Yettwawrit seg Ṣur, aẓeɛfran yețwakseb seg murex, ṣṣedfa n lebḥer anida ilaq agar n tezgalin i kra n igramen n uẓeɛfran. Di Kerkouane, ɣef Ras Addar, igar n ṣṣedfa yettwarẓen sbeggnen-d lxiwanat ; tigzirt n Djerba teqqim-d tesεeddi deg zzman aṛumani.
Lxiwanat n Qarṭaǧ xeddment daɣen lfexxaṛ, tikuraf d ucenfiṛen n djaǧ, lǥawahar, leslaḥ akked ssǧaǧed. Lcantyat n lbabura bennun s wawal : yal aqeṭṭuɛ yesɛa asekkil n usemday.
Sin lebḥura deg yiwen
Asɣaṛ, azenz, tirza
Am Ṣur send-as, Qarṭaǧ tedder s ttjara n lmɛadin akked ṣṣufa.
« Ipuniyen i d-isnulfan ttjara. »
Iwerriten n Ifiniqiyen, Iqarṭaǧiyen țwaḥesben deg ddunit taqdimt d imeskaren n lebḥer d imsizwar war amsaɛdal.
Pline, Amezruy n tɣawsiwin, VII — yettwabder sɣur F. Decret (1977)
Imeḥḍaren n usɣaṛ
Ayen i d-yețțasen ɣer Qarṭaǧ
Uqbel kra n ifecka ibernanen — nnuqra, ṣṣfeṛ, aqezdir n Hispanya d Tegzirin n Cassitérides —, imbeɛd tiɣawsiwin : lekwas igrikiyen d wiyitrusk, i yeḥerz usinag n Bardo deg tiɣawsiwin-is, akked ticenfiṛin timiṣriyin.
Ayen i tezenz Qarṭaǧ
Djaǧ, lmesnuɛt tafiniqit, lǥawahar, lfexxaṛ, ssǧaǧed yețwaẓeɛfṛen, tiɣawsiwin n uɣes n ulfil, n ddheb neɣ n nnuqra. Ssǧaǧed, ɣas akken ițwassnen aṭas, qrib ruḥen akk : kan igar n murex d yimidalen n leqdic n ssejjada i yeqqimen-d.
Tikerraven d tirza
Asɣaṛ yeḍfeṛ daɣen iberdan n tikerraven, iweɛren ugar, i d-yesseḍhaṛen tanazduɣin di Libya akked unzul n Tunisia. Tirzan n tsenfarrut qesdent lemqasad-nniḍen : lmɛadin — aqezdir, ddheb n Lmaɣrib — akked tiwwura timaynutin n usɣaṛ.
Lebḥer yesseččen
Aṣid, aqqes akked lqut n uslem : lesnaɛa i d-tettaɛ Ṛuma s lmeqyas ameqqran.
Garum
Lqut n uslem yesεan dhen, yettwaseqdac deg uṭṭbib akked deg wučči. D Ifiniqo-ipuniyen i d-isnejmaεen aseqdec-ines deg Lebḥer Ageraɣlan ; xeddmen-t s lmeqyas ameqqran deg yimukan i yettwafen di waṭas n yimukan (Krings akked Lipinski).
Aqqes
Aslem iqqesen, yettwačaṭ deg ikufan, yettedda akked lmesnuɛat-nniḍen n lebḥer deg Lebḥer Ageraɣlan akk.
Aṣaweḏ
Idrimen n Gadès, Cadix n wassa, ɣefsen aṣaweḏ : asekken n tazmert n uṣid-agi deg tedamsa n temdint tafiniqit.
Murex
Yettwaṣid ɣef uẓeɛfran, yettwaǧmeε deg igar n ṣṣedfa yettwarẓen qrib lxiwanat n uẓeɛfran.
Aheggi akked ttjara n garum kemmlen s telqey ddaw n Ṛuma : lxiwanat n uqqes ḥerzen akteṛ, am tin n Baelo Claudia qrib Cadix, d tiqdimin seg zzman aṛumani.
Idrimen akked yiḏrisen
Qarṭaǧ tegra idrimen ɣur-s, maca s lmeqyas ameqqran, s telqey i uxleṣ n lɛesker-is.
Ṛebɛ n ssekel yettwagen di Hispanya sɣur At Barka, lqern wis 3 send Ɛisa.
Ssekel n nnuqra : aqerru n Melqart akked ulfil n umenɣi (British Museum).
Idrimen i uxleṣ n umenɣi
Anagraw n lxerj
Qarṭaǧ tedder s ṣṣerf n ttjara, s lxerj n timura ițwaḥuddun — ifellaḥen ilibikiyen ttuḥettmen ad fken armi d uzgen n lmeḥṣul-nsen deg umenɣi apunik amezwaru (Polybe) —, s lmɛadin n Hispanya akked lxerj n tfellaḥt. Annect-agi akk i uxleṣ n lɛesker n yiɛeskriyen uqeṛḍasen war ma tessawel akk i yimezdaɣ-is.
Tafellaḥt yesɛan tamusni
Ameǥeri aqarṭaǧi Magun yura adlis n tfellaḥt deg 28 n yidlisen. Mbeɛd aɣelli n Qarṭaǧ, Ssenaṭ aṛumani yefka lameṛ s tsuɣelt-is ɣer tlatinit — ccan ur yettwafken i ula d yiwen adlis-nniḍen apunik.
Adlis n Magun
28 n yidlisen ɣef wakal, tfeṛṛant, uzemmur, afennu akked tedbelt n lexlawat, yettwabder sɣur Varron, Columelle d Pline.
Zzit n uzemmur
Qarṭaǧ txeddem tezenz s lmeqyas ameqqran zzit-is, tamɛadalt n lmesnuɛat tigrikiyin.
Ccṛab
Ccṛab iqarṭaǧiyen ɛemmer ițwassnen, s telqey passum, ccṛab n uẓalim yeqqur i d-yeḥrez Columelle talɣa-ines seg Magun.
Aman
Lǥab, laberat akked taɛawant n waman iwakken ad tettwaxdem tmurt iwεren.
Taɛzibt tafrikant
Takatut-agi n zzman aṛumani tesken-d taɛzibt tameqqrant n tama n Qarṭaǧ s imuren akk : zzitun, aẓalim, lḥiwanat n lǧer. Lexlawat tifellaḥt timeqqranin i d-yeqqimen seg zzman apunik gan Tafrikt d axxam n yirden n Ṛuma.
Tafellaḥt taqarṭaǧit
Qarṭaǧ mgal Ṛuma
| Amsizwar | Qarṭaǧ | Ṛuma |
|---|---|---|
| Laṣel n tedamsa | Ttjara n lebḥer akked tfellaḥt | Aɛesskar akked lxerj |
| Aɛesskar | Iɛeskriyen uqeṛḍasen d yimdukkal, imqeddmen iqarṭaǧiyen | Imezdaɣ-iɛeskriyen (llejyunat) |
| Lebḥer | Asgem n lebḥer seg zzman aqdim | Lebḥer i d-ibnan deg umenɣi amezwaru iwakken ad yemsaɛdal |
| Lḥekma | Lḥekma n imsezzenzen, sin sufeṭ ițwafernen | Tagduda tanaẓurt, sin ikunsulen |
| Idrimen | Ddheb, nnuqra, ṣṣfeṛ, électrum | Ṣṣfeṛ, imbeɛd denier n nnuqra (azal n 211) |
| Ssɛaya | Tekka-d seg ttjara | Tekka-d seg uḥuddu |
Pour aller plus loinSources de cette page
12 références
Sources antiques
- Hérodote, ImezruyenI, 166 ; IV, 196
- Polybe, ImezruyenI, 72 ; III, 22–24
- Strabon, TasnigzawtXVII, 3, 15
- Pline Amɣar, Amezruy n tɣawsiwinVII ; XXXIII, 97
- Appien, Libyca (Adlis afrikan)96
- Columelle, Ɣef tfellaḥt (De re rustica)XII, 39 — talɣa n passum, seg Magun
- Varron, Tadamsa n tudrin — yettbeddeṛ adlis n Magun
- War isem, Tiklarit n Hanun
Travaux modernes
- François Decret, Carthage ou l'empire de la mer, Seuil, 1977
- Véronique Krings (d.), La civilisation phénicienne et punique, Brill, 1995
- Edward Lipinski (d.), Dictionnaire de la civilisation phénicienne et punique, Brepols, 1992
- Wikipédia, Qarṭaǧ ; Tagemmi taqarṭaǧit — CC BY-SA 4.0, agbur yettwasegmi