Aṭṭef n Qarṭaǧ
Ayen i texdem Ṛuma, akked ayen i tenna texdem : amenɣi apunik wis krad, seg lekkes n leslaḥ n temdint armi d times n Byrsa.
n uḥeṛṣ, seg 149 armi d tafsut 146 send Ɛisa
n leslaḥ akked 2000 n yisebbaren ttunefken i Ṛuma uqbel umenɣi
d sețța iḍan n umenɣi deg iberdan armi d Byrsa
n wid i d-yeffɣen seg Byrsa, ttwazenzen d aklan
« Carthago delenda est »
Yuɣal-d seg uɛeggal deg Tafrikt, ihuz-it ssɛaya n Qarṭaǧ i d-yuɣalen, Caton yesmed yal taɣect-is deg Ssenaṭ s umeslay-agi. Akken i d-yeqqar Plutarque, yesken-d tazarin tifrinin yegzem-itent qrib Qarṭaǧ krad wussan uqbel : aɛdaw iqrib ɣer lbabur. Scipion Nasica yeẓẓuɣuṛ, mgal-s, ad tettwaselk tamdint.
Ahelak n tidet, mačči ahdem akmilen
Ṛuma tesserɣ terẓa Qarṭaǧ, tenɣa neɣ teg d aklan imezdaɣ-is. Maca taqsist n temdint « yeqqimen ɣer wakal » yettwaseflen s lmelḥ d tamacahut : ikecfan ufan-d tamdint tapunit ddaw n temdint taṛumanit, tgemmi tapunit teqqim tedder leqrun.
Masinisa, aεeggal-nniḍen n uɣelli
Ṛuma tefka tiwtilt taneggarut, maca d agellid anumidi Masinisa i yettaken, deg xemsin iseggasen, lkamel n tmurt n Qarṭaǧ, yefkan daɣen i Ṛuma laṣel-is.
Timura tirikin, tamdint ihuddun
Masinisa yebɣa ad yebnu tagelda tanumidit tameqqrant yezdeɣ wakal, s timdinin akked tmurt n yirden. Maca igrudan yesɛan lɣella akked lxiwanat tirikin akteṛ n Tafrikt llant d ayla n Qarṭaǧ, i yeqqimen ssɛaya-ines ɣas mi tettwanɣelb. Yesεa laman belli s laṣel n Ṛuma, yal aṭṭef ad yeqqim war aḥkam.
Qarṭaǧ ur tesεi ara ugar amsellek ilhan akteṛ : mi gettwafren d asufet, Hanibal yesfaḏ taneddawt yerra idrimen deg umkan-nsen, maca iɛdawen-is msellen-t i Ṛuma. Yeffeɣ ɣer berra deg 195 yemmut deg 183, drus uqbel amenɣi aneggaru.
Ṛuma tesseqdac Masinisa war ma tebɣa ad as-teǧǧ Qarṭaǧ. Aṭas n yimesnezruyen imaynuten ttwalin belli ahelak n temdint yebɣa daɣen ad yesgdel tagelda tanumidit, ihuddun aṭas, ur tt-teṭṭef : asmi yemmut, tagelda-ines tettwafraq imir-nni kan.
Leḥras n Qarṭaǧ
Uqbel uḥeṛṣ, atan ayen i teṭṭuḥettem Ṛuma ad teṭṭef : tamdint yettwabnan ɣef tigzirt tamecṭuḥt, yesekkṛen ɣer tama n wakal s yiwet seg leḥras tizmarent akteṛ n ddunit taqdimt. Ssebbat-agi i yesbeggnen amek temdint war leslaḥ tḥares qrib krad iseggasen.
- Krad tyirza n webrid aẓayan
- Lḥiḍ n lebḥer (uslig)
- Byrsa, lqelɛa
- Lebḥura
- Amḍiq uḍεif (Appien)
Krad tyirza n lḥiḍ n webrid aẓayan
Krad lḥiḍan yemsaεdalen ? Appien yura deg lqern wis 2 mbeɛd Ɛisa s telqey n Polybe, acehhed n uḥeṛṣ. Aṭas n yimesnezruyen imaynuten ttwalin leḥras yemεeddayen : laglaḍ, lḥiḍ amezwaru neɣ lḥiḍ n tezwart, imbeɛd lḥiḍ ameqqran s tgejdal i yeḥeznen lkazirnat akked tiɣerman.
34 km, amḍan ara tsemdeḏ
Amḍan i yettwabedren aṭas yekka-d seg Tite-Live (Periochae, 51) : lḥiḍ n 23 n yimil iṛumaniyen, azal n 34 km. Orose yeḥseb 22 (≈ 32,5 km) ; Strabon, netta, yefka 360 n stades (≈ 65 km) i uzzig n tigzirt meṛṛa. Ẓẓiw akmel ur yettwaf ara : ad nini lḥiḍ n azal n tlatin km, yezgi agraw-ajennan n Mégara.
Yiwen kan n lḥiḍ
Anida lebḥer akked yidurar sentren tamdint, lḥiḍ usrid yezga (Appien). Amḍiq uḍεif : azellaw adday yettwattun anida lḥiḍ-agi yemlal akked ufednas n wakal yeddan ɣer lebḥura. Dinna i yezzi akunsul Censorinus imgezmen-ines deg 149 ; aɣẓaṭ yettwasd deg wammas n yiḍ, lhuǧum yerreẓ.
Byrsa, aḥris aneggaru
Deg ul n temdint, tiɣilt n Byrsa tesεa lḥiḍ-ines s yiman-is, ɣef lǥameɛ n Eshmoun ; Orose yefka-yas azgen n sin yimil n tezzi (≈ 3 km). Deg 146, d aḥris aneggaru n wid yettwaḥeṛṣen.
Cothon, leḥras n lebḥer
Lebḥer snat akked tkalin-is i 220 n lbabura ttwaseknen deg usebter n users. Deg uḥeṛṣ, uɣalen d ssebba n umenɣi : Scipion yesekkeṛ tawwurt-nsen s lseqqa, wid yettwaḥeṛṣen gezmen abrid amaynut.
Ayen d-ufan ikecfan
Ɣer tama n lebḥer, ikecfan iwermaniyen n Friedrich Rakob (agraw n Magun, teklal n UNESCO) kksen-d lḥiḍ n lebḥer n lqern wis 5 send Ɛisa akked tewwurt teldi ɣef rrif. Ɣef webrid aẓayan, aneɣlaf Duval yeḍfeṛ deg 1949 ẓẓiw n leḥras n azal n 2,9 km, yesεa-t d lḥiḍ berranan apunik.
« Lḥiḍ n Théodose »
Mačči akk lesswar i yettwakecfen di Qarṭaǧ d ipuniyen. Azal n 425 mbeɛd Ɛisa, ddaw n Théodose II, Qarṭaǧ taṛumanit tesεa lḥiḍ amaynut zdat lhuǧum n Ivandaliyen ; tarbaɛt takanadit tkecf-it seg 1976. Ulac azday ger-s d lesswar n 146.
Ayen yeḍran
Akk tasuddemt n tedyanin →Wussan ineggura
Polybe, amdakel d umcawar n Scipion, yettwali aɣelli n temdint. Appien yeqbel taqsist-ines.
Afran n times
Anezwi n leḥras, Hasdrubal yemslay-d yettḥellel, zdat yiḍaṛṛen n Scipion. Seg nnig lǥameɛ i gesserɣen, tameṭṭut-is, tecbeḥ s llebsa-ines ihlan akteṛ, tenɛal-it ɣef ddaw-is, tenɣa snat warraw-is tegr iman-is yid-sen deg times.
« Ass ad yas anda a tenger Ilion iqeddsen, akked Priam, akked ugdud n Priam yesεan aɣanim ihlan. »
Zdat temdint yesserɣen, Scipion Émilien yerḍil yesnes isefra-agi n Iliade. I Polybe, i t-yessteqsan, yeqqar-d yuggad ad yas ass i deg ara teg Ṛuma lqerra-agi s yiman-is.
Lqelɛa, seg umenɣi aneggaru armi d ikecfan
Ɣef tuyat n tiɣilt tasersayt n Didun yebna lǥameɛ n Eshmoun, yettwakecmen s sețțin n tsidasin. Dinna i d-ḍurrent swayeε ineggura n Qarṭaǧ tapunit.
Ddaw n Auguste, Iṛumaniyen sellent tuyat iwakken ad bennun forum n temdint tamaynut. Igar-is ɣummen idurar — sentren, war ma bɣan, agraw n ixxamen ipuniyen n lqern wis 2, s yiberdan-is akked lǥab-is, i d-ufan ikecfan ifransisen seg iseggasen 1970.
Asers n Qarṭaǧ →Tamacahut taṛumanit / tidet
« Qarṭaǧ tettwasell armi d wakal »
Tamdint tettwasserɣ tettwaẕẕel, maca ur tettwakkes ara akmilen : ixxamen, iberdan d lǥab ipuniyen ufan-ten ddaw n tiglifin tiṛumaniyin, ḥeznen ɣef aṭas n tmitar n telqeɣ.
« Lmelḥ yettwaẕẕ iwakken ad yettwasengi wakal »
Ula d yiwen uɣbalu aqdim — mačči Polybe, mačči Appien, mačči Tite-Live — ur yebder ara tadyant-agi. Teḍhiṛ-d sɣur imeskaren imaynuten, deg leqrun wis 19 d 20. Lmelḥ yella daɣen d aɣbalu aεzizen.
« Tgemmi taqarṭaǧit teruḥ »
Tapunikt mazal-itt tettwameslay deg lqern wis 5 mbeɛd Ɛisa. Timdinin n Tafrikt taṛumanit ḥeznent sufeṭ, imahlen ipuniyen qqimen ddren ddaw n yismawen iṛumaniyen.
« Qarṭaǧ werǧin tettwasres daɣen »
Mbeɛd lxesrat n Caius Gracchus (122 send Ɛisa), César yesres lameṛ n users-nniḍen, yettwakemmel ddaw n Auguste : Qarṭaǧ tuɣal d taneddawt n Tafrikt taṛumanit, yiwet seg timdinin timeqqranin n Tagelda.
Tisɣulal tisenfarrutanin
Ayen d-qqaren s tidet ikecfan, s telqey wid n teklal n UNESCO « Sellek Qarṭaǧ » (1972–1995).
Asers-nniḍen deg wemkan-nni
Colonia Iulia Concordia Carthago tettwabna s telqey ɣef umḍiq apunik, ɣef lebḥura-is d wemḍiq-is. Tenɛal n 146 ur teḥrez ara lqern.
Tisɣulal ipuniyen i yeqqimen
Lḥiḍan, lǥab akked lǥab n waman ipuniyen ḍhiṛen-d ddaw n tiglifin tiṛumaniyin. Di Byrsa, taglift tezzayen n times tesres s telqey azemz n uṭṭef n 146.
Tamacahut n lmelḥ
Ula d yiwen umeskar aqdim ur yebder lmelḥ yettwaẕẕen ɣef Qarṭaǧ : tadyant-agi d asnulfu atrar, ahat tekka-d seg tiqsiḥin n Linǥil neɣ n leqrun agensan.
Tikkelt i yekemlen n tgemmi
Tira nupuniyin, ismawen n yimdanen, imahlen : tgemmi tapunit teqqim tedder. Augustin yeqqar-d mazal-itt tettwaseqdac tutlayt azal n 400 mbeɛd Ɛisa.
Lebḥer azir
Aɣawas n Cothon yezger leqrun : Iṛumaniyen sfesfen lebḥer n umenɣi apunik, i yettwafen ikecfan tkalin-is n lbabura.
Aɣawas amaynut
Iṛumaniyen sersen aɣawas awraman amaynut sellen tuyat n Byrsa — ayen i yeḥerzen s lebɣi neɣ war lebɣi agraw apuni yettwaɣummen ddaw n yigar.
Qarṭaǧ ur teruḥ ara
Tamdint n 146 tesserɣ s tidet : ikecfan n Byrsa akked ugraw apuni ufan-d taglift n times, ixxamen yeɣlin, tazegalin n yimegrragen akked lhuǧum n yisebbaren. Maca tgemmi ur teqqim ara deg yiwet tmdint. Tutlayt, imahlen, tinmahlin akked timdinin tipuniyin kemmlen ddren leqrun, Qarṭaǧ s yiman-is tettwabna daɣen ɣef umḍiq-nni.
Tutlayt tapunit
Tettwameslay armi d lqern wis 5 mbeɛd Ɛisa, qrib sețța iqrunen mbeɛd uṭṭef n Qarṭaǧ. Augustin, yilul-d di Thagaste, yecced-d yebder-d awalen ipuniyen.
Tira nupuniyin
Mazal ttwagezment s tapunikt, s tira i gettwasemman nupunik, armi d lqern wis 1 akked wis 2, imbeɛd tapunikt s isekkilen ilatiniyen armi d lqern wis 4.
Tutlayt n yigelliden
Igelliden inumidiyen, Masinisa yid-sen, ḥekkmen ggen idrimen s tapunikt. Di Dougga, tira tudmasanin ssawalent s snat n tutlayin, talibikit d tapunit.
Tinmahlin i yekmelen
Ddaw n Ṛuma, timdinin n Tafrikt am Leptis Magna neɣ Mactar mazal ferrent sufeṭ, lemḥekmen n lɛada taqarṭaǧit, armi d lqern wis 1 akked wis 2.
Iyilluten bedlen isem
Baal Hammon yettwaqdar d Saturne afrikan, Tanit d Caelestis, deg yimukan-nsen iqeddsen akked izran yewrit seg lemtel apunik.
Timdinin tipuniyin qqimen
Utique, Hadrumète (Sousse), Leptis neɣ Kerkouane… aṭas n timdinin tipuniyin zegrent amenɣi ; kra, imdukkal n Ṛuma deg 149, ḥeznent lḥala-nsent n timdinin tilellin.
Qarṭaǧ tettlal-d tikkelt-nniḍen
Yettwaḥudd sɣur César, tanazduɣt tettwasers ddaw n Auguste ɣef umḍiq-nni s yiman-is. Tuɣal d taneddawt n Tafrikt proconsulaire d yiwet seg timdinin timeqqranin n Tagelda.
Isem d lwert
Isem Africa, imbeɛd Ifriqiya, yekka-d seg tmurt n Qarṭaǧ. Amḍiq asenfarrutan yettwajerred deg lwert agraɣlan n UNESCO.
Qarṭaǧ ass-a
Takarṭa s umussu →
Pour aller plus loinSources de cette page
12 références
Sources antiques
- Polybe, ImezruyenI, 73 — acehhed n uḥeṛṣ ɣer tama n Scipion Émilien ; aɣbalu n Appien
- Appien n Alexandrie, Libyca (Adlis afrikan)95 — lesswar n webrid aẓayan, aḥeṛṣ d uɣelli n Byrsa
- Tite-Live, Amezruy aṛumani — tikcumin n Masinisa (193, 174–172 send Ɛisa)
- Tite-Live, Periochae51 — teɣzi n lḥiḍ (23 n yimil)
- Plutarque, Tudert n Caton Amɣar — tazarin n Qarṭaǧ
- Orose, Imezruyen mgal at ccirk — lḥiḍ n temdint akked Byrsa
- Strabon, Tasnigzawt (adlis XVII) — azzig n tigzirt tamecṭuḥt
- Homère, IliadeVI, 448–449 — isefra i d-yesnes Scipion Émilien zdat temdint yesserɣen
- Augustin — acehhed n useqdec n tapunikt azal n 400 mbeɛd Ɛisa
Travaux modernes
- Abdelmajid Ennabli, Pour sauver Carthage : exploration et conservation de la cité punique, romaine et byzantine, Unesco/INAA, 1992 — ɣef teklal n UNESCO « Sellek Qarṭaǧ »
- Friedrich Rakob — ikecfan iwermaniyen n ugraw n Magun, yettwabder deg usebter
- Aneɣlaf Duval — ẓẓiw n leḥras n webrid aẓayan (1949), yettwabder deg usebter