Tamaziɣt · tin yettwaqeblen aṭas
Ifri
« tiɣremt, ifri »
Ifri (neɣ Aourigha), agdud amaziɣ i yezgan qrib Qarṭaǧ. Awal amaziɣ ifri yebɣa ad yini imezdaɣ n tɣerman.
Iṛumaniyen semɣuṛen ahat isem n yimezdaɣ-agi iqeṛben ɣer Qarṭaǧ ɣer tmanaḏt meṛṛa.
Tafrikt d yisem-is
Africa
I Iṛumaniyen, Africa yebɣa ad yini ɣef tmanaḏt i d-yettwasersen deg 146 send Ɛisa ɣef tmurt n Qarṭaǧ — ugafa agmaṛ n Tunisia n wassa. Isem-agi yettimɣur, deg sin iṭalaf iseggasen, armi d umurig meṛṛa.
Seg wanda i d-yekka « Afri » ?
Kuẓ tiktiwin i d-yettwasresen. Ulac yiwet yettwaseknen ; tamezwarut i yettwaqeblen aṭas.
Tafiniqit
Afar
« aɣubbaṛ, akal »
Deg tutlayt n Qarṭaǧ, ʿafar yebɣa ad yini « aɣubbaṛ » neɣ « akal » : Africa tezmer ad tili kan « tamurt ».
Azwel n wawal i d-yettwalin ɣer igrudan iwerɣen n daxel n Tunisia.
Talatinit
Aprica
« ițwaqabel i yiṭij »
Awal alatini aprica, « ițwaqabel i yiṭij », i d-yefka s telqey Isidore n Séville iwakken ad yesseḍheṛ sebba n sshana n tmurt-agi.
Teḥlu, maca ass-a ttwalin deg-s azwel n wawal n ugdud kan.
Tagrikit
Aphrikē
« war asemmiḏ »
Seg wawal agrikan a-phrikē, « war asemmiḏ » : tamurt tesseɣ, mgal zzman n Tagrikt.
Yettwabder sɣur Léon Afrikan deg lqern wis 16 ; drus n yimusnawen i t-yeqeblen.
Tikli n yisem
Seg wagdud amasay armi d umurig n 54 n tmura.
- Uqbel 814 send ƐisaAfriTamurt n IfriAgdud amasay, mačči umurig. Imiṣriyen semman i Ilibikiyen n ugmur Tehenou akked Temehou.
- 814 send ƐisaLibyēAsers n QarṭaǧIṣuriyen rsen deg tmurt talibikit. Igrikiyen semman i tmanaḏt meṛṛa « Libya ».
- 264–146 send ƐisaAferImenɣan ipunikiyenS umsagar akked Qarṭaǧ, Iṛumaniyen semman i yimezdaɣ Afer (deg tugget Afri).
- 146 send ƐisaAfricaTamanaḏt n AfricaMbeɛd ahelak n Qarṭaǧ, Ṛuma tesres tamanaḏt n Africa : aseqdec amagnu amezwaru n yisem.
- Lqern wis 1 mbeɛd ƐisaAfricaTamɣurt n yisemPline Amɣar akked Pomponius Mela seqdacen Africa i umurig meṛṛa yettwassnen, mgar seg Africa s telqey.
- Lqern wis 7إفريقيةIfriqiyaImnekcamen iɛraben ṭṭfen isem alatini i Tunisia d yiḥricen-is, s Kairouan d taneddawt.
- Lqern wis 15–16AfriqueUmurig meṛṛaAkked tirzan timeqqranin n lebḥer, imgezzamen n takarṭa semɣuṛen isem armi d Ucenfiṛ n Usirem Ilhan.
Ifriqiya
Wali daɣen : Qarṭaǧ tedder di Tunisia →Isem ur yettwattun ara
« Ifriqiya » (إفريقية) d asuɣel usrid n Africa n latinit. Yettwaseqdac deg lweqt n leqrun agensan i Tunisia, akked usamer n Lezzayer n wassa d Tripolitaine, yesken-d belli isem werǧin yeffeɣ tamanaḏt-agi. Deg wannect-nni, Qarṭaǧ s yiman-is, yettwasers sɣur Ṛuma, tuɣal d taneddawt n Africa taṛumanit.
Tafrikt n ugafa uqbel Qarṭaǧ
Igduden i yezwaren, yesṭerḥben, yezgan akked Ifiniqiyen.
Uglay wis 10–6 send Ɛisa
Ikapsiyen
Tagemmi taqdimt yettwasemman s Gafsa (Capsa), di Tunisia. Ahat d imezwura n Imaziɣen, ǧǧan-d aṭas n yimukan isenfarrutanen.
Seg zzman aqdim
Imaziɣen
Agdud n lqaɛa n Lmaɣrib seg iṭalaf iseggasen, imezwura n Imaziɣen n wassa. Lḥuḍur-nsen yettwasekn s taẓuri taɛraft n yedɣaɣen.
Lqern wis 4–1 send Ɛisa
Tigeldiwin tinumidiyin
Ineggafen iɛeggalen n Lezzayer n wassa d umalu n Tunisia. Masinisa yeẓẓa cci deg tagara n umenɣi apunik wis sin ; ineggafen inumidiyen ɛawanen Qarṭaǧ, imbeɛd Ṛuma.
Uglay amezwaru send Ɛisa
Igaramantiyen
Di Fezzan (Libya), tagemmi tezga deg Ssaḥra s telqey i tɣaltin n wasway ddaw n tmurt (foggaras), deg ul n ttjara n Ssaḥra.
Tamdint tafrikant
Asegmi afrikan n Qarṭaǧ
Asemdiweg n yidlisen
Tirawin tifiniqiyin akked tgemmiyin tilibikiyin-timaziɣin msedwayent ; zzwaǧat gar igdawen ddukklen aṭas. Tagemmi tapunit i d-ițlalen d tagemmi tafrikant s telqey.
Ddin
Baal Hammon akked Tanit, d-kkan seg Tefniqt, ṭṭfen di Qarṭaǧ amḍiq akked tiliɣa timaynutin ; aḍfar n yimahlen ilibikiyen mazal-it yettwasmeyya.
Addin →Tutlayt tapunit
Tekka-d seg tefiniqit, tapunikt mazal-itt tettwameslay deg Tafrikt n ugafa armi d lqern wis 5 mbeɛd Ɛisa, akken i d-yeqqar Augustin.
Aɣerbaz
Appien yeḥka-d, qrib Byrsa, ixxamen n sețța iḥedrayen ; aɣerbaz apuni yesnjam i wemḍiq akked usegnaf afrikan.
Aɛesskar n igdawen
Ilibikiyen, Inumidiyen, Imeṛṛa nnuɣen akked Iberiyen, wid n Jzayer Baléares d Igaliyen : aɛesskar-agi yesken-d asegmi afrikan n Qarṭaǧ.
Aɛesskar →Tamusni tafellaḥt
Tamusni tafiniqit akked tamusni tamasayt n wakal fkant-d yiwet seg tfellaḥin yesɛan aṭas n lɣella deg ddunit taqdimt.
Tafellaḥt →
Tagemmi yemsedwayen
Idles d-yekkan seg Ccerq, iẓaṛ deg Tafrikt, yeldi ɣer Tagrikt akked Maṣer : Qarṭaǧ d amagar n yiberdan.
Izuran ikanaɛaniyen
Tagemmi tafiniqit tekka-d seg ddunit n Kanaɛan mbeɛd leɛwayed n « Igduden n lebḥer », azal n 1200 send Ɛisa. Teṭṭef zik aṭas ismal timiṣriyin, imbeɛd tigrikiyin. Qarṭaǧ tewrit asemdiweg-agi tawi-t ɣer ugmur.
Akken i d-yeqqar Augustin, iqeddacen n Tafrikt qqaren-d mazal-iten « Chanani », Ikanaɛaniyen, ugar n xemsa iqrunen mbeɛd 146. Acehhed-agi yettwasmeyya : Josephine Quinn tettwali deg-s tarrayt n wawal, Gabriel Camps yettwali deg-s tutlayt talibikit, apunikus akka yebɣa ad yini aṭas n tikwal « afrikan ».
Lecɣal n snat n tgemmiyin
Ucenfiṛen imeẓyanen n djaǧ ttwasersen deg yimḍalen iwakken ad sfeḍen leǥnun, lemtel n ulutus : Maṣer dinna meṛṛa. Seg lqern wis 4 send Ɛisa, ismal igrikiyen ddukklen fell-as.
Aqcic n Motyé, azru n lqern wis 5 i d-yettwafen deg 1979, yessken tamsalt : Melqart ihellanen, lǥerḥ n umenɣi agrikan, neɣ asutel apunik i umgezzam n Sicile ? I Serge Lancel, Qarṭaǧ tella d amḍiq n umsagar, teldi aṭas ɣer wayen i d-yekkan seg berra.
Alibiki d upunik msedwayen
Azekka alibiko-apunik n Dougga (lqern wis 2 send Ɛisa) yesdukkel ismal timiṣriyin d wayen d-yekkan seg Tagrikt ɣef tmurt tinumidit. Ɣer El Hofra, qrib Cirta (Constantine), amḍiq aqeddas aneggaru apunik ameqqran akteṛ i yettwakecfen yesdukkel ismal ilibikiyen d yipuniyen.
Deg timdinin n Tafrikt taṛumanit, sufeṭ llant kra n tikwal krad deg umkan n snat : kra n yimusnawen ttwalin deg-s ayen d-yekkan seg Imaziɣen.
Asegmi i yeqqimen ddren
Sufeṭ sɣaṛen mazal-iten timdinin n Tafrikt taṛumanit deg lqern wis 2 mbeɛd Ɛisa. Opus africanum n Kerkouane yettwaf deg Capitole n Dougga. Baal Hammon yuɣal d Saturne afrikan, yettwaqdar armi d lqern wis 4, Tanit tuɣal d Caelestis n Iṛumaniyen (Marcel Le Glay).
Akken i d-yeqqar Pline (XVIII, 22), idlisen n texxamin n tira n Qarṭaǧ ttunefkent i igelliden inumidiyen. I Stéphane Gsell imbeɛd M. H. Fantar, tudert n tutlayt tasamit tezmer ad tefk afus, aṭas mbeɛd, i taɛrabt n Lmaɣrib.
Tamusni n ddem akked umezruy n yiwdan
Ayen i d-yeqqar ADN aqdim
Seg mraw iseggasen aya, ADN aqdim yesseqsay ɣef yimezwura n yimezdaɣ n umaḏal apunik. Igmaḏ, bennun ɣef kra n sserdasat, snernin tasekkant n wagdud i d-yusan s lekter seg Ccerq.
2016Aqcic n Byrsa. Yettwamḍal deg tagara n lqern wis 6 send Ɛisa, yettwaf ɣef tiɣilt n Byrsa, yesɛa ADN n lmitukundriyat (asel n yemma) n uhaplugrup idris U5b2c1, i d-yekkan seg Turuft (Matisoo-Smith et al.). Yiwen kan n wemdan : asekken n usemdiweg azwaray, mačči tugna n wagdud.
2019–2021Hispanya, Ibiza, Sardaigne. Aṭas n tezrawin (Olalde, Marcus, Sarno, De Angelis) sbeggnent-d izuran n ugafa n Tafrikt deg yimdanen ipuniyen : seg 20 ɣer 35 % di Villamar, di Sardaigne, mgal drus aṭas di Monte Sirai, yettwasersen zik sɣur Ifiniqiyen ; amdan n uẓekka apuni n Ibiza (361–178 send Ɛisa) yemfaṛaq s telqey seg wid-nniḍen n Jzayer Baléares.
2022Kerkouane. Sin ɛecra n yimdanen i yettwasnan (Moots et al.) msemgaraden aṭas : sebɛa qṛiben ɣer Isiciliyen n zzman n ubruz, kuẓ deffir n ifellaḥen inuliṭiyen n Lmaɣrib, yiwen qṛib ɣer Imeṛṛakiyen d Imuzabiyen n wassa. Ulac izuran icerqiyen ibanen : imeskaren bedren asserɣ n yimaẓlaḥ imezwura neɣ amḍan-nsen idrusen.
2025Sin meyya n ADN. Tazrawt n usinag n Max-Planck akked Harvard (Ringbauer et al., Nature) tekka ɣef azal n 200 n yimdanen seg 14 n yimukan. Qrib ulac izuran icerqiyen : Ipuniyen d-kkan s telqey seg yimezdaɣ qṛiben ɣer Sicile akked Igée, aṭas seg wayen i d-yeqqimen yekka-d seg Tafrikt n ugafa. Di Qarṭaǧ, 14 seg 17 n yimdanen sɛan drus seg 15 % n izuran n ugafa n Tafrikt, krad-nniḍen ger 20 d 50 %.
Ayen ilaq ad yeqqim
Idles yettazzel ugar n lǥins
- Tagemmi tafiniqit tezger s ttjara, umsagar d usedwi, mačči s tikli tamagnut n wagdud.
- Imezdaɣ n ugafa n Tafrikt fkan afus ameqqran deg timdinin tipuniyen, s lmeqyas yemxallafen seg wemḍiq ɣer wayeḍ.
- Lḥader : drus n yimdanen deg yal amḍiq, aserɣ i yellan deg leqrun imezwura yekkes seg yimusnawen n ddem imaẓlaḥ imezwura.
- ADN ur d-yeqqar ara tutlayt, ne ddin, ne asegmi : Iqarṭaǧiyen țmeslayen tafiniqit, qeddcen iyilluten n Ṣur.
Tamusni n ddem n lǥetta
Iqerra d tuɣmas
TuɣmasTalɣa n tuɣmas n Iqarṭaǧiyen tqeṛṛeb-iten ɣer yimezdaɣ n ugafa n Tafrikt, s telqey ɣer Iguanciyen n Jzayer Tikanariyin (Guatelli-Steinberg, Irish, Lukacs).
IqerraTazrawt n M.-C. Chamla akked D. Ferembach, yuɣal fell-as S. O. Y. Keita, tqeṛṛeb tarbaɛt taqarṭaǧit ɣer Lezzayriyen n zzman aqdim, imbeɛd ɣer Iṛumaniyen n Tarragone.
2018I Keita, sin ɛecra n yiqerra iqarṭaǧiyen i d-yezwaren Hanibal ttwasersen ger tarbaɛt tafiniqit d tin n Lmaɣrib, qṛiben ugar ɣer tagi : tasekkant n usemdiweg.
Lwert aqarṭaǧi di Tafrikt
Ayen i d-tǧǧa Qarṭaǧ i umurig.
Isem n umurig
Lwert yeqqimen aṭas : isem s yiman-is n Tafrikt yekka-d seg tmurt anida tebna temdint tapunit.
- Africa (talatinit) → Ifriqiya (taɛrabt) → Afrique
- Seg Tunisia ɣer umurig meṛṛa deg 2000 n iseggasen
- Tugget n tutlayin n ddunit seqdacent talɣa i d-yekkan seg-s
Tirza tafrikant
Iqarṭaǧiyen ttwalin seg ibidaɣen imezwura n ugaraw n Turuft n Tafrikt.
- Hanun yeddu ɣef rrif agmaṛ n Tafrikt (azal n 500 send Ɛisa)
- Ahat yewweḍ ɣer ucenfiṛ n Guinée — tilisa mazal-itt tettwasmeyya
- Tiklarit-ines d taqsist tiqdimt akteṛ n tirza n ugmaṛ n Tafrikt
Aɣerbaz n ugafa n Tafrikt
Qarṭaǧ tesres lqwaɛed n temdint di Tafrikt n ugafa ; Kerkouane, ɣef Ras Addar, d acehhed ilhan akteṛ.
- Azeṭṭa n timdinin tipuniyen seg Tunisia armi d Marok
- Lemtel aɣerbaz i ṭṭfen Iṛumaniyen imbeɛd Iɛraben
- Tirrayin n ubennu yesnjamen i usegnaf
Tafellaḥt
Tirrayin tiqarṭaǧiyin bedlent tiẓgi n ugafa n Tafrikt.
- Tafellaḥt n uzemmur s telqey
- Asway deg tmurt iwεren
- Adlis n Magun, yettwasuɣlen ɣer tlatinit s lameṛ n Ssenaṭ, yesnjam tafellaḥt taṛumanit
Tessnem ?
Augustin d tapunikt
Augustin n Hippone (354–430), Amaziɣ yettwaṛumi, yeqqar-d belli tapunikt mazal-itt tettwameslay deg tuddar — ugar n 500 n iseggasen mbeɛd aɣelli n Qarṭaǧ.
Tiklarit n Hanun
Azal n 500 send Ɛisa, 60 n lbabura akked 30 000 n imaẓlaḥ ɣef rrif n ugaraw n Turuft. Taqsist tḥekku-d « ilfan n lǥab » — ahat d imegdal neɣ ilfan n lǥab — akked wedrar yeččuren s times.
Qarṭaǧ taṛumanit
Yettwaḥudd sɣur César, asers-nni-nniḍen n Qarṭaǧ yettwakemmel ddaw n Auguste (29 send Ɛisa). Tamdint tuɣal d yiwet seg timdinin timeqqranin n Tagelda, taneddawt n Africa.
Ifriqiya
Awal aɛrab إفريقية, i d-yeqqaren ɣef Tunisia n leqrun agensan, d asuɣel usrid n Africa n latinit.
Lwert agraɣlan
Amḍiq n Qarṭaǧ, deg ugmur n Tunes, yettwajerred deg lwert agraɣlan n UNESCO seg 1979.
Aɛeggal afrikan
Hanibal, yilul-d di Qarṭaǧ, yeddu s uɛesskar afrikan s telqey mgal tezmert tigrikit tameqqrant n zzman-ines.
Pour aller plus loinSources de cette page
14 références
Sources antiques
- Pline Amɣar, Amezruy n tɣawsiwinXVIII, 22 — tamɣurt n yisem Africa ; idlisen n Qarṭaǧ ttunefkent i igelliden inumidiyen
- Pomponius Mela, Chorographie — Africa i umurig meṛṛa yettwassnen
- Appien n Alexandrie, Libyca (Adlis afrikan) — ixxamen n sețța iḥedrayen qrib Byrsa
- Augustin — tapunikt tettwameslay deg tuddar ; iqeddacen qqaren-d « Chanani »
- War isem, Tiklarit n Hanun — tirza n ugmur n Tafrikt
Travaux modernes
- Serge Lancel, Carthage, Fayard, 1992
- Stéphane Gsell, Histoire ancienne de l'Afrique du Nord, Hachette, 1920 (adlis IV)
- M'hamed Hassine Fantar, Carthage, approche d'une civilisation, Alif, 1993
- Josephine Quinn, In Search of the Phoenicians, Princeton University Press, 2018
- Gabriel Camps, Les Berbères : mémoire et identité, 1987
- Marcel Le Glay, Saturne africain : histoire, 1966
- Matisoo-Smith et al. ; Olalde, Marcus, Sarno, De Angelis ; Moots et al. ; Ringbauer et al., Tizrawin n ADN aqdim, 2016–2025 (Ringbauer et al., Nature, 2025) — yettwabder deg usebter
- M.-C. Chamla d D. Ferembach ; S. O. Y. Keita ; Guatelli-Steinberg, Irish, Lukacs, Tamusni n ddem n lǥetta — iqerra d tuɣmas, yettwabder deg usebter
- Wikipédia, Qarṭaǧ ; Tagemmi taqarṭaǧit — CC BY-SA 4.0, agbur yettwasegmi
