Qarṭaǧ

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146 send Ɛisa → ass-a

Qarṭaǧ mbeɛd Qarṭaǧ

Tamdint tapunit tesserɣ deg 146. Ɣef lxrab-is, Qarṭaǧ-nniḍen tedder sebɛa iqrunen, imbeɛd temmut, teqqim d lmεadin n yizran, uqbel ad talel d taddart akked lwert agraɣlan.

Lxrab n lḥamamat n Antonin ɣer rrif n ugaraw n Tunes
Lḥamamat n Antonin, lqern wis 2 — Qarṭaǧ taṛumanit ɣer rrif n ugaraw
7 iqrunen

n temdint taṛumanit, tavandalit imbeɛd tabyzanṭit, seg 29 send Ɛisa armi d 698

30 000

n yimukan deg uḥric aṛumani, i deg yeqqim kan uglaḍ

1979

ajerred n umḍiq asenfarrutan deg lwert agraɣlan n UNESCO

17 010

n yimezdaɣ deg taddart n Qarṭaǧ di uḥsab n 2014

Tasuddemt n izemzan

Sin ɛecrin iqrunen ɣef yiwet tiɣilt

Yal azemz ibna ɣef win i t-id-yezwaren, neɣ s izran-is.

  1. Azemz aṛumani
    29 send Ɛisa – 439

    Qarṭaǧ tettwasers daɣen

    122 send ƐisaCaius Gracchus yeɛreḍ ad yesres tanazduɣt, Junonia, qrib umḍiq yettwanεalen ; lmeqsud yemmut yid-s.
    44 – 29 send ƐisaYettwaḥudd sɣur César, asers-nni-nniḍen yettwakemmel ddaw n Auguste : Colonia Iulia Concordia Carthago tali-d deg umḍiq-nni n temdint tapunit.
    Lqern wis 1Taneddawt n Tafrikt proconsulaire. Tuyat n Byrsa tettwasellel iwakken ad teqbel forum.
    145 – 162Mbeɛd times tameqqrant, lḥamamat n Antonin ttwabnant ɣer rrif n lebḥer (Colette Picard).
    Lqern wis 3 – 4Tettwaneṛ ɣer udin amasiḥi, tamdint tezger uḥeṛṣ tuɣal d yiwet seg yimukan imeqqranen n leɛqal deg ugmur alatini.
  2. Tagelda tavandalit
    439 – 533

    Taneddawt n Genséric

    439Ivandaliyen n Genséric ṭṭfen Qarṭaǧ sersen dinna lkersi n tgelda-nsen.
    455Seg Qarṭaǧ i tεedda lebḥer tavandalit i yeḥuddun Ṛuma.
    Lqern wis 5Ariens, igelliden ivandaliyen ṭṭfen Taglisya Takatulikit n Tafrikt : lemqedmin ttwaɣerben, tiglisiyin ttwakksent.
  3. Azemz abyzanṭi
    533 – 698

    Tuɣalin n Tagelda

    533Bélisaire, anezwi n Justinien, yeṭṭef daɣen tamdint, i d-yuɣalen d taneddawt yesεan ssɛaya d lkersi n tnmahla n Tafrikt.
    Tagara n lqern wis 6Tafrikt tabyzanṭit tettwafka i yiwen uḥekkam, d udmasan d uɛesskari, yezzun di Qarṭaǧ.
    610Héraclius, mmi-s n uḥekkam n Qarṭaǧ, yeddu ɣer Constantinople, yeṭṭef lkersi, yesres dinna tagelda.
  4. Aṭṭef aɛrab
    698

    Tunes teqbel lqiyada

    698Hassan Ibn Numan yeṭṭef tamdint (Grimal). Tettwahelki tettwasserɣ, imezdaɣ-is ɛeddan ɣer Tunes.
    Lqern wis 8Tunes tuɣal d tamdint tagejdant, ad tefk isem-is i tmurt ; isem n Africa, yuɣalen d Ifriqiya, ad yili isem n umurig meṛṛa.
    Lqern wis 10Mbeɛd azal n sin iqrunen n lxlawi, amḍiq yebda tikkelt-nniḍen yettwazdeɣ deg zzman n Ifatimiyen, akken i d-yeqqar Gibbon.
  5. Leqrun agensan – lqern wis 18
    Lqern wis 9 – 19

    Lmεadin n lmermer

    Aseqdec-nniḍenTigejdal, iqerra d telwaḥin n lmermer țwakksent iwakken ad bennun lǥwameɛ, ixxamen n ssulṭan akked tiglisiyin : di Kairouan, di Tunes, armi d Turuft.
    1270Saint Louis yers ɣer Qarṭaǧ deg tiεmert tis tmanya, yemmut s lehlak zdat Tunes. Lexsas n teklal-agi isekkeṛ zzman n tiεmaṛ.
    Lqern wis 16Taddart n zzman-nni — lǥameɛ, aɣerbaz, azal n ɛecrin n lxiwanat akked azal n 500 n ifellaḥen — tehlek sɣur leɛsakar iṣpanyawen n La Goulette, i d-yesres Charles Quint.
    Lqern wis 18Sin iɣerman kan n tfellaḥt ṭṭfen taneddawt taqdimt : Douar Chott akked La Malga.
  6. Lbaylek d uḥekkam afransis
    1830 – 1956

    Asteεfu, taglisya tameqqrant akked ikecfan

    1830Lbay yefka i Fransa lqaɛa ɣef Byrsa. Louis-Philippe yazen amesnilem ad yettnadi amḍiq n tmettant n Saint Louis : mi ur t-yufi ara, yeṭṭef amḍiq ihlan akteṛ n tamawalt, anida tettwabna tnezlit.
    Lqern wis 19Imeqqranen n lbaylek ggen deg-s amḍiq-nsen n unebdu : axxam n Mustapha Khaznadar di Salammbô, axxam Zarrouk, axxam n Mustapha Ben Ismaïl (Revault).
    1884 – 1890Ddaw n uḥekkam afransis, taglisya n Saint-Louis teɣreḏ Byrsa ; tuɣal d tagejdant n Tafrikt i lkardinal Lavigerie.
    1919Lameṛ n lbaylek n 15 yunyu yesres taddart n Qarṭaǧ.
    1928 – 1929Le Corbusier yebna axxam n Baizeau, d lxedma-ines kan di Tunisia.
  7. Tunisia tilellit
    1956 – ass-a

    Taddart d lwert agraɣlan

    1960Bourguiba yextar axxam n zzman uḥekkam, ɣer rrif n lebḥer, iwakken ad yili d axxam alḥakimi.
    1972Zdat n uɣerbaz, UNESCO tezzi teklal tagraɣlant tameqqrant iwakken ad tsellek Qarṭaǧ.
    1979Amḍiq asenfarrutan yettwajerred deg lwert agraɣlan.
    1985Ineddawen n Ṛuma akked Qarṭaǧ, Ugo Vetere akked Chedli Klibi, gran lemɛahda n talwit n lemtel i yesekkṛen amenɣi apunik wis krad.
    2003Asekkeṛ n lǥameɛ Mâlik ibn Anas ɣef tiɣilt n Odéon.
Lqern wis 2 – 5

Qarṭaǧ tamasiḥit

Taneddawt n Tafrikt taṛumanit, Qarṭaǧ tuɣal d yiwet seg imukan n udin amasiḥi alatini : imeskaren-is bennun tutlayt n tẓuri n ddin n ugmur, lemqedmin-is sedduklen aṭas n tjemaɛin.

397Tajmaɛt n Qarṭaǧ tesres tabdart n yidlisen n Linǥil i tqeblen Taglisya n Tafrikt.
411Lmeɛraḍa n Qarṭaǧ tesdukkel ugar n 500 n lemqedmin ikatulikiyen d yidonatistiyen ; amendac aɣelnaw Marcellinus yenkar adonatisme.
484Agellid avandali Hunéric yessawel lemqedmin ikatulikiyen d yiariens : amagar yeldi aḥeṛṣ amaynut.
azal n 155 – azal n 220

Tertullien

Yilul-d di Qarṭaǧ, ameskar amasiḥi amezwaru ameqqran s tutlayt talatinit. Adlis-ines Apologétique yeẓẓuɣuṛ ɣef imasiḥiyen zdat tuccḍiwin n wat ccirk.

203

Perpétue akked Félicité

Taqcict tanaẓurt akked wakli-s, ttwaεnaqent deg uḥric n Qarṭaǧ. Taqsist n lmihanat-nsent teqbel tajrida n Perpétue.

† 258

Cyprien

Lmeqdem n Qarṭaǧ azal n 249, yezgi Taglisya-ines deg uḥeṛṣ n Dèce, imbeɛd aqerru-s yettwagzem ddaw n Valérien.

354 – 430

Augustin

Yilul-d di Thagaste, yeɣra imbeɛd yesselmed tiẓuri n wawal di Qarṭaǧ. Lmeqdem n Hippone, yettuɣal-d dinna aṭas iwakken ad yesselmed ad yeqqim deg tjemaɛin.

Ayen i yeqqimen ddren seg Ṛuma

Tutlayt tapunit, sufeṭ d yiyilluten yettwasemman : wali daɣen aṭṭef n Qarṭaǧ →

Aɣerbaz

Opus africanum

Lesswar-agi s izran ibeddan, i yellan yakan di Kerkouane, yettwaf deg zzman aṛumani armi d Capitole n Dougga.

Taẓwaṛt

Imsenεalen n lmuzayik ifrikiyen

S lmermer yelhan, lxiwanat n Tafrikt sfeṛqen deg Tagelda meṛṛa lḥiwanat-nsen akked tḥilat n yiyilluten.

Imahlen

Imukan iqeddsen inupuniyen

Thinissut, Bou Kornine, El Hofra qrib Cirta, izran « n Ghorfa » : Saturne afrikan, yewrit seg Baal, mazal-it yettwaqdar armi d tazwart n lqern wis 4 (Lancel).

Tinmahlin

Sufeṭ, kra n tikwal krad

Timdinin tiṛumaniyin n Tafrikt mazal-itent ferrnent sufeṭ deg lqern wis 2 ; kra n tikwal krad, ayen i ttwalin kra n yimusnawen n tsamiyin d ayen i d-yekkan seg Imaziɣen (Lipinski).

Idlisen

Texxamin n tira tipuniyin

Ttunefkent i igelliden inumidiyen deg 146, ɛawanen ahat Salluste i wedlis-ines Amenɣi n Jugurtha ; tamsalt mazal-itt tettwasmeyya, deg zzman n Augustin ur qqimen ala d asmekti.

Tutlayt

Agaraw ɣer taɛrabt ?

I Stéphane Gsell, imbeɛd M'hamed Hassine Fantar, tudert iɣezzifen n tutlayt tasamit tezmer ad tefk afus i taɛrabt n Lmaɣrib.

Tasenfarrut

Anwa i yekcafen Qarṭaǧ ?

1833Christian Tuxen Falbe — akunsul n Danemark yesres aɣawas amezwaru yelhan n lxrab.
1859Charles-Ernest Beulé — yettnadi deg tiɣilt n Byrsa akked lebḥura, yettnadi ɣef temdint tapunit.
Seg 1875Baba Delattre — Lmeqdem-agi amellal yekcef deg waṭas n iseggasen imḍalen ipuniyen d tiglisiyin ; lxiwanat-is d aẓaṛ n usinag agraɣlan n Qarṭaǧ.
1892 – 1905Paul Gauckler — anemhal n ssuq n lqdima n Lbaylek, yesnirem s telqey imḍalen ipuniyen.
1921Tofet — tafrat n umḍiq aqeddas n Salammbô, yettwakecfen deg iseggasen i d-yeddan.
Mbeɛd 1956Aɣerbaz atunsi — M'hamed Hassine Fantar, Abdelmajid Ennabli, Azedine Beschaouch… i yesneflεen ṛṛay ɣef uḥudu i yesεa uɣerbaz ɣef umḍiq.
1972 – 1995Iwakken ad tettwasellek Qarṭaǧ — teklal tagraɣlant n UNESCO : Ialmaniyen (F. Rakob, lḥiḍ n lqern wis 5 send Ɛisa akked ugraw n rrif n lebḥer), Imirikaniyen (L. Stager, tofet akked lebḥer n ttjara), Ibritaniyen (H. Hurst, tigzirt n Amirauté), Ifransisen (S. Lancel, agraw apuni n Byrsa)…
Didun tebna Qarṭaǧ, tugna n Turner
Turner, Didun tebna Qarṭaǧ, 1815 — National Gallery, Londres
Tuffra tamaynut

Qarṭaǧ tettwasnulfa daɣen

  • Lqern wis 17 : Geographia sacra n Samuel Bochart yettḥewwis ɣef tiddi n Ifiniqiyen ; deg lqern wis 18, azru n Nora, di Sardaigne, yesnerna leεqel n yimusnawen.
  • 1817 : Turner yesken Aɣelli n tgelda taqarṭaǧit, iqabel tugna-ines n Didun ; ad yefk tnac n tugniwin timeqqranin i tɣawsa-agi.
  • 1920 : Stéphane Gsell yeḥkem s teqsiḥ ɣef taẓwaṛt taqarṭaǧit ; tasenfarrut n lqern wis 20 wis sin tesmid aṭas lḥakem-agi (Lancel).
  • Bourguiba yegg seg tgellidt n tasersayt d lemtel n usli aɣelnaw ; tisuɣyin timeqqranin (axxam n Grassi 1988, Asinag n umaḏal aɛrab 2007-2008) sfeṛqen Qarṭaǧ.
Lwert agraɣlan

Amḍiq asenfarrutan ass-a

Lxrab s telqey aṛumani, s tegzirin tipuniyen, feṛqen deg taddart n yezdeɣ.

Lḥamamat n Antonin
Lqern wis 2Rrif n lebḥer

Lḥamamat n Antonin

Ttwabnant ger 145 d 162, mbeɛd times tameqqrant, gar wid imeqqranen akteṛ n Tagelda taṛumanit. Ddaw-agi kan, win n texxamin n lxedma, i yeqqimen (Ennabli d Slim).

Agraw apuni n tiɣilt n Byrsa
Apunik · aṛumaniAsinag agraɣlan

Tiɣilt n Byrsa

Ddaw n forum aṛumani, agraw n ixxamen n tazwart n lqern wis 2 send Ɛisa : lmaɣaza ɣef webrid, lǥab ddaw n wakal, abrid ɣer ammas (Lipinski). Ɣef tuyat, asinag agraɣlan akked Acropolium, taglisya taqdimt.

Asers →
Ilmayen n lebḥura ipuniyen
Salammbô

Lebḥura ipuniyen

Sin ilmayen ḥeznen talɣa n yigelmimen : lebḥer n ttjara d lebḥer n umenɣi azir s tigzirt-is n Amirauté (Stager, Hurst).

Tadamsa →
Izran n tofet n Salammbô
SalammbôAsmeyya yeldi

Tofet

Amḍiq iqeddsen n Tanit akked Baal Hammon. Tiktit n yisfal n warraw, aṭas lweqt tettwaqbel, tettwasmeyya sɣur imusnawen am Sabatino Moscati.

Addin →
Lmuzayik n Dominus Julius, yettwafen di Qarṭaǧ (asinag n Bardo)
Tiɣilt n OdéonBardo

Lγaba n ixxamen iṛumaniyen

Qrib ṭṭiyaṭru, « axxam n yiɣerdayen » yesεa isem-is seg lmuzayik-ines. Lmuzayikat timeqqranin n Qarṭaǧ, am tin n Dominus Julius, llant deg usinag n Bardo.

Lqern wis 2

Ṭṭiyaṭru

Yettwasnulfa i azal n 5000 n yimeẓri, ur yeqqim ara d acemma siwa lxrab deg tazwart n lqern wis 20 ; yettwasnefles aṭas, yeṭṭef Tesuɣit Tagraɣlant n Qarṭaǧ.

30 000 n yimukan

Uḥric

Uglaḍ kan i yeḥuzen ugar n lef iseggasen n ukkes n yizran. Perpétue akked Félicité ttwaεnaqent dinna deg 203.

Douar Chott

Lmidan

Ur d-yeqqim ala laglaḍ aɣezfan deg tferkit.

La Malga

Lǥab

Lǥab imeqqranen aṛumaniyen deg tagara n uqeddu n Zaghouan. Qrib aṭas, uẓekka n yixeddamen n uprokunsul (Le Bohec).

Tirza

Aɣelluy ameqqran d asefraq : lxrab gent tigzirin deg wammas n ixxamen d yiferkiwen. TGM, i yezgren taddart (ssitatat n Salammbô, Byrsa, Dermech, Hanibal…), yesselha seg umḍiq ɣer wayeḍ.

Pour aller plus loin

Sources de cette page

14 références

Sources antiques

  1. Salluste, Amenɣi n JugurthaXVII — idlisen ipuniyen ttunefken i igelliden inumidiyen
  2. Tertullien, Apologétique
  3. War isem, Lmihanat n Perpétue d Félicité — teqbel tajrida n Perpétue
  4. Augustin n Hippone

Travaux modernes

  1. Serge Lancel, Carthage, 1992
  2. Stéphane Gsell, Amezruy aqdim n Tafrikt n Ugafa, adlis IV, 1920
  3. Colette Picard, Carthage, 1951
  4. Edward Lipinski (d.), Dictionnaire de la civilisation phénicienne et punique, 1992
  5. M'hamed Hassine Fantar, Carthage, approche d'une civilisation, 1993
  6. Abdelmajid Ennabli, Pour sauver Carthage, 1992 — teklal tagraɣlant n UNESCO
  7. Sabatino Moscati, L'épopée des Phéniciens, 1971
  8. Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
  9. Yann Le Bohec — yettwabder deg usebter (uẓekka n yixeddamen)
  10. Wikipédia, Carthage ; Civilisation carthaginoise — CC BY-SA 4.0, agbur yettwasegmi

Toute la bibliographie →Glossaire →

Ɣer daɣen

149 – 146 send Ɛisa

Aṭṭef n Qarṭaǧ

Aḥeṛṣ, aɣelli n Byrsa, akked tmacahut n lmelḥ.

Imukan

Ɣef yiḍaren n Qarṭaǧ

Seg Kerkouane armi d Carthagène, imukan ara tzurem.

Ass-a

Qarṭaǧ tedder di Tunisia

Isem n Tafrikt, taddart, tesuɣyin.

Iɣbula

Amezruy yura-t umerbaḥ

Ayen i d-tḥekku Ṛuma, ayen i nessen.