Qarṭaǧ · Anagraw

Tasertit d Tmetti di Qarṭaǧ

Ulac agellid ulac tiran : tagduda n yimettjaren, yettwaɛzen sɣur Aristote, anda sin ineɣlafen i d-ttwafernen, Asqamu d Tajmaɛt n Ugdud bḍan adabu.

Lebqayed n lḥara tapunikt ɣef taɣalt n Byrsa, Qarṭaǧ — Lḥara tapunikt n Byrsa, yebna di tazwara n lqern wis 2 uq.Ɛ.

n isufiten i d-ttwafernen i useggas — « igelliden » n yimeskaren igrikiyen d yilatiniyen

104

n yiɛessasen n wesqamu n uɛraḍ akken i d-yeqqaṛ Aristote (« Imeqqranen » ɣer Justin)

1 aseggas

d lweqt n twuri i yiɛessasen-agi deffir tririt n Hannibal di 196 — zdat-s armi d tamettant (Tite-Live)

n tiran ulac yerna ulac tagrawla ara nebder deg umezruy n temdint, akken i d-yeqqaṛ Aristote

Anwa i yḥekkmen Qarṭaǧ ?

Anagraw i d-qqaṛen Imezwura « amxallaṭ » : kra n tgelda, aṭas n yimeqqranen, amur n tdimukrasit.

Tajmaɛt n Ugdudtafrant ? (yemgaraden fell-as) 2 isufiten
Tajmaɛt n Ugdudyeţɛarif Iqayden n Lɛesker
Asqamuyeţwasekcem ma yella umgired Tajmaɛt n Ugdud
2 isufitenaneɣlaf Asqamu
Iqayden n Lɛeskerttrarent lexbar Asqamu
Asqamutefka-d iɛessasen Imeqqranen n 104
Iqayden n Lɛeskerttwaɛraḍen asmi d-uɣalen Imeqqranen n 104
Timɣarin n Xemsaferrnen Imeqqranen n 104

Izirig yettwaṛẓen : azday ur yettwassen ara. Askasi-agi isdukkel addad aneggaru (lqern wis 4–3) seg tɣbula idrisen aktar d tigrikiyen.

Aḥekkam d Lḥeqq

Isufiten

Seg wawal afiniqi shofet, « amɛeṣṣef ». Sin ineɣlafen ttwafernen yal aseggas, Igrigen d Iṛumaniyen semman-ten « igelliden » ulac awal nniḍen. Ssawalen Asqamu, feṣlen lḥeqq, ḥekkmen tamdint, maca ur ḥekkmen ara lɛesker. Ur yettwassen ara anwa i ten-yefernen : imeqqranen neɣ ugdud.

Sznycer ; Sénèque, Talwit n Teɣẓin, IV, 5

Ul n Yimeqqranen

Asqamu

Tirawin ssawalent-d « Imɣaren n Qarṭaǧ ». Yusa-d seg twaculin timeqqranin, yesɛa ahat aṭas n imeqqranen deg-s. Amennuɣ, talwit, tadiblumasit : nețța i yettwasbedden deg tɣawsiwin timeqqranin, yerna iqayden n lɛesker ttasen-d ad as-rren lexbar.

Sznycer ; Tite-Live

Aɛraḍ

Imeqqranen n 104

Asqamu amecṭuḥ i t-isemman akka Aristote kan (« Imeqqranen n 104 » neɣ « Imeqqranen »). Akken i d-yeqqaṛ Justin, meyya n yiɛessasen i d-ittwafernen seg Usqamu țɛerḍen tigawt n yiqayden asmi d-uɣalen. Ttwafernen i tudert meṛṛa armi d tririt n Hannibal.

Aristote, Tasertit, II, 11 ; Justin, XIX, 2

Ur Ttwassnen Ara Mliḥ

Timɣarin n Xemsa

Tiǧmuyaɛ n xemsa imdanen, i d-ihedren fell-asent Aristote kan. Ferrnent iman-nsent, xeddment ɣef tɣawsiwin timeqqranin, ferrnent imdanen n Imeqqranen n 104. Tawuri-nsent s telqayt mazal-itt d tabaḥart.

Aristote, Tasertit, II, 11

Amur Adimukrati

Tajmaɛt n Ugdud

Irgazen ilelliyen, ddukklen deg agora akken i d-yeqqaṛ Diodore. Mi ur myefhamen ara isufiten d Usqamu, tamsalt tettawi-tt-id tajmaɛt, yal yiwen izmer ad yagi i tuttra (Aristote). Polybe iḥesb belli tṭṭef adabu aktar deg lweqt n yimenɣan ipunikiyen.

Aristote ; Diodore, XX, 9 ; Polybe, VI, 51

Beṛṛa n Tsufeta

Iqayden n Lɛesker

Aḥekkam n lɛesker yebḍa ɣef tneɣlafin tiɣersiwin. Iqayden, ttwafernen seg twaculin timeqqranin, ttwafernen ɣer tama, ahat sɣur tajmaɛt. Rrant lexbar i Usqamu, yezmer Imeqqranen n 104 a ten-ɛerḍen deffir umennuɣ.

Sznycer ; Justin, XIX, 2

Aristote, Tasertit, II, 11

Ddustur yettwabedren d lemtel

« Qarṭaǧ tettwassen s uḥekkam igerrzen […]. Abeggen n ddustur iqam : ugdud yeqqim yeddukel akked unagraw, ur d-nwala ara dinna tagrawla iwulmen n yisem-is, ulac tiran. »
Aristote, Tasertit, II, 11 (ca. 330 uq.Ɛ.) — asuqel ilelli

Aristote yessers Qarṭaǧ, d tamdint-nni kan ur nelli ara tagrikit, ɣer tama n Sparte d Crète gar ddusturen ifazen aktar : anagraw « amxallaṭ » i yesdukklen tagelda (isufiten), imeqqranen (Asqamu) akked tdimukrasit (tajmaɛt). Polybe daɣen ad d-yebder lqima n wanagraw-agi (VI, 43).

D tewlaft n yiwen wass, mačči d lemtel ur nbeddel : lqima n tira-agi tettwamyaɣ fell-as seg Stéphane Gsell, yerna imezruyen n wass-a qeblen belli anagraw-agi ibeddel seg lqern ɣer lqern (Sznycer).

Tugniwin n Umusnaw

Aṭas n wazal i ssɛaya

Ferrnen ineɣlafen ɣef ssɛaya-nsen am wakken ɣef lqima-nsen : d adabu n yimeqqranen.
Tineɣlafin ɛlayen ttwasnezzent — win ixedmen ad inadi syen ad issɛaya.
Yiwen wergaz yezmer ad yesɛu aṭas n tneɣlafin deg yiwet n tikkelt.
Talwit n temdint teqqen ɣer ssɛaya : Qarṭaǧ tazen yal tikkelt amur n ugdud ad ssɛayan deg temdinin i tḥekkem.

Sin iqernan deffir-s, Polybe iḥesb belli ddustur n Qarṭaǧ yekker ad yeɣli : deg lweqt n Hannibal, ugdud yeṭṭef adabu asmi di Ṛuma Asqamu mazal iḥekkem (VI, 51). Yebder-d daɣen belli di Qarṭaǧ tneɣlafin ttwasnezzent s wudem azzayez, asmi di Ṛuma win yesnezzen tefrant ad yemmet (VI, 56).

Seg lqern wis 8 armi d zzman aṛumi

Anagraw i Yettbeddilen

Tazwara

Ulac agellid i d-yettwassnen. Didon d taderrawt n ugellid, maca tamacahutt werǧin tt-id-tsemma d tagellidt. « Igelliden » n tira tigrikiyen d tilatiniyen, s tidet, d isufiten. Lexyal n tgelda n Qarṭaǧ, i yesbedden K. J. Beloch syen G. Charles-Picard, yettwagi ass-a sɣur aṭas n yimezruyen ; ula di Tyr, igelliden ur sɛin ara adabu ačaɛal (Sznycer).

Lqern wis 6–5

Zzman n At Magon. Deg waṭas n tsutiwin, arraw n yiwen Magon fkan i temdint iqayden n umennuɣ-nsen (Justin, XVIII–XIX). D asali n twacult ugar n tgelda ; yiwen seg-sen, Hamilcar, yettwanneɣ di Himère di 480.

Lqern wis 5

Adabu mgal adabu. Akken twacult n yiqayden ur tḥerrez ara talelli, yettwaxleq usqamu n meyya n yiɛessasen ttwafernen seg yimɣaren : iqayden ilaq ad as-rren lexbar asmi d-uɣalen (Justin, XIX, 2). D ahat lsas n Imeqqranen n 104 n Aristote.

Lqern wis 4

Ddustur « amxallaṭ ». D annect-agi i d-yeḥka Aristote. Wid i yeqsed adabu i yiman-nsen ur rebḥen ara : di 308, deg tɛeddawt n Agathocle, aqayed Bomilcar issay ad yeṭṭef tamdint s ddem ; yettwanneɣ yettwanɣa.

Lqern wis 3

Hannon Ameqqran mgal At Barca. Snat tsertiyin i d-mgaraden : Hannon, ameslay n wid yesɛan lqaɛa tameqqrant, yeqqim ɣef lexla n Tefriqt yennuɣ mgal imenɣan n At Barca ; nutni ṭṭfen ɣef Spania d laḥya n ugdud (Polybe). Lexyal n At Barca i yettargun tagelda tagrikit yettwagi sɣur M. Sznycer.

196

Hannibal d asufet. Deffir Zama, Hannibal yettwafren d asufet. Isseɣli aneɣlaf n yidrimen i t-yagin, isserseg ad ttwafernen iɛessasen n Imeqqranen n 104, zik armi d tamettant, i useggas kan war ma țɛawaden-t aseggas i d-iteddun, syen inadi ɣef wayen yettwakksen : lexraj i Ṛuma yezmer ad yettwaxelles war lexraj amaynut (Tite-Live, XXXIII, 46-47). Yettwasbeggen i Ṛuma sɣur yiɛdawen-is, yeffeɣ ɣer berra di 195.

Deffir 146

Isufiten ddaw Ṛuma. Qarṭaǧ teṛwa, mačči anagraw-is : temdinin n Tefriqt taṛumit mazal ferrnent isufiten armi d lqern wis 2 dffr Ɛ., kra n tikkal tlata deg umkan n sin — amur amaziɣ akken i d-qqaṛen kra n yimassanen (Lipinski).

Hannibal, seg umennuɣ armi d tsufeta →

Tametti Tḥuza Aṭas Idrisen

Deg wenẓul, imeqqranen n uẓar n Tyr ; ddaw-s, ugdud i d-ǧǧan tira almi d yal tikkelt deg tillas.

Deg Wenẓul

Imeqqranen

Arraw n yimezdaɣen n Tyr, twaculin-agi timeqqranin ṭṭfent tadamsa, tasertit d ddin. Zik d ibabuṛen, uɣalen d wid yesɛan lqaɛa tameqqrant, ṭṭfent tineɣlafin akk, zedɣent deg ixxamen ssɛayanin, di Cap Bon neɣ deg lḥara n Mégara (Bessis).

Ixxamen n Ssjada

Lkahnin

Usan-d seg Imeqqranen, sdukklen agraw yettwasbedden mliḥ. Ixxamen n ssjada, imukan n tussna, ḥerzen seg waṭas n leqrun tutlayt d yidles afiniqi, armi d ddaw n Ṛuma. Yiwen uzru n usekkil n tofet (lqern wis 3, Amuzgan n Bardo) isban-d lkahen s ubernus n lkettan, aqerruy-is yettwaḥlaqen ddaw n ṭṭaqiya.

Lɣaci

Ugdud n Temdint

Imesnaɛen d imettjaren, s uɛdad ur yettwassen ara ; irgazen ilelliyen d iklan, wiyi d wayla n yiwen umdan neɣ n Temdint ; akked ibeṛṛaniyen i d-yusan seg akk Lebḥer Alemmas (Dridi). Tira n zik ur asen-tefka ara awal ur-iyi kra tikwal.

Azru n usekkil apunik s ssuma n Tanit — Azru n usekkil s ssuma n Tanit — Amuzgan n Louvre

Ayen i d-qqaṛen Iẓra n Usekkil

Tilawin, gar Tazmert ɣef Yiman d Tdukla

Didon, Sophonisbe, tameṭṭut n Hasdrubal i yefran tamettant di 146 : kra n timucuha ibanen, maca drus n tɣbula. Tametti d tabaḍnit, maca tefka i tilawin tazmert ɣef yiman n tidet : kra n yiẓra n usekkil n tofet ttwafkan sɣur tilawin s yisem-nsent, aṭas n lmihen ldin i-tent, tawuri n lkahnin daɣen ur tt-tent-tegg ara (Dridi).

Zzwaǧ yeqqim d lsas asertan. Sophonisbe, yelli-s n uqayed Hasdrubal mmi-s n Giscon, tezweǧ agellid anumidi Syphax akken ad tseddukel tadukla, syen Massinissa. Ur yettwassen ara ma tella poligamit.

Sophonisbe

Tamurt n Tefriqt

Ilibiyen : ddaw adabu, maca yal tikkelt ilaqen

Imezdaɣ izuranen d wid ur yettwassen ara mliḥ. Ttjara n zik tuɣal d adabu : deg umennuɣ apunik amezwaru, Qarṭaǧ tettekk azgen n timegriwin n lexla (Polybe, I, 72), tagrawla tettuɣal-d yal tikkelt — di 240, Ilibiyen ddan s tegrawla ɣer umennuɣ n Yimirsinariyen.

Maca tiddukla qeṛbent : imeqqranen ipunikiyen zweǧen tiḥerɛatin tilibiyin (Bessis), kra n iẓekwan sdukklen lɛadat tifiniqiyin d tilibiyin, tiddukla tipunikiyen llant d tiɣersiwin seg tazwara-nsent. Deg lqern wis 2, iɣurar n Massinissa gan amur deg uɣelluy n temdint.

Qarṭaǧ Tafriqant →

Pour aller plus loin

Sources de cette page

14 références

Sources antiques

Aristote, TasertitII, 11
Polybe, ImezruyenI, 72 ; VI, 43 ; VI, 51 ; VI, 56
Diodore de Sicile, Lmaktaba n UmezruyXX, 9 ; XX, 44
Justin, Agzum n Imezruyen Ifilipiyen n Trogue PompéeXVIII–XIX ; XIX, 2
Tite-Live, Amezruy n ṚumaXXXIII, 46–47
Sénèque, Talwit n TeɣẓinIV, 5

Travaux modernes

Maurice Sznycer, Carthage et la civilisation punique, PUF, 1978
Sophie Bessis, Histoire de la Tunisie : de Carthage à nos jours, Tallandier, 2019
Hédi Dridi, Carthage et le monde punique, Les Belles Lettres, 2006
Edward Lipinski (dir.), Dictionnaire de la civilisation phénicienne et punique, Brepols, 1992
Stéphane Gsell, Histoire ancienne de l'Afrique du Nord, Hachette, 1920
Karl Julius Beloch — yettwabder deg usebter (lexyal n tgelda n Qarṭaǧ)
Gilbert Charles-Picard — yettwabder deg usebter (lexyal n tgelda n Qarṭaǧ)
Wikipédia, Carthage ; Civilisation carthaginoise — CC BY-SA 4.0, agbur yettwabedlen

Toute la bibliographie →Glossaire →