264–146 send Ɛisa

Imenɣan ipunikiyen

Krad n yimenɣan deg meyya d tmanya ɛecra n iseggasen : amennuɣ ger Qarṭaǧ d Ṛuma ɣef Lebḥer Ageraɣlan. Awal yekka-d seg latinit punicus, « afiniqi » — d isem i gefkan Iṛumaniyen i Yiqarṭaǧiyen.

John Trumbull — Tamettant n Paul Émile di Cannes — J. Trumbull — Tamettant n Paul Émile di Cannes (1773)

n yimenɣan ger Qarṭaǧ d Ṛuma

118

n iseggasen ger tazwart n umenɣi amezwaru (264) d uɣelli n Qarṭaǧ (146)

n iseggasen n umenɣi usrid s wazal (23 + 17 + 3)

10 000

n ttalan n nnuqra i yettuḥettmen Qarṭaǧ deg 201, ad ttwaxelsen deg 50 n iseggasen

Uqbel imenɣan ipunikiyen

Uqbel Ṛuma : Igrikiyen n Sicile

Ugar n sin iqrunen, aɛdaw n Qarṭaǧ mačči d Ṛuma maca d timdinin tigrikiyin, s telqey di Sicile. Akked Ṛuma, imsagaren qqimen aṭas lweqt ttwaseflen s lemɛahda.

Imenɣan n Sicile

Sin iqrunen n umenɣi ɣef Sicile

azal n 540–535Alalia. Dduklen akked Yitruskiyen, Iqarṭaǧiyen nnuɣen ɣef lebḥer n Corse akked Igrikiyen n Phocée. Nɣelben s telɣa, maca Iphocéens xesren tugget n lbabura-nsen ǧǧan tigzirt (Hérodote, I, 166).

480Himère. Gélon n Syracuse, yeddukel akked Théron n Agrigente, yebɣa ad yesdukkel Sicile tagrikit. Lɛesker n Hamilkar Umagoni yettwaḥlek ; Qarṭaǧ tesɛa ahat lɛawna n Pers, i yettazzlen Tagrikt deg useggas-nni s yiman-is.

409–405Tuɣalin. Hanibal, mmi-s n mmi-s n Hamilkar, yehdem Sélinonte akked Himère (409). Yemmut s ṭṭaɛun zdat Agrigente ; win i t-id-yeqbalen Himilcon yeṭṭef tamdint, imbeɛd yegr akked Denys n Syracuse talwit d asteɛfu kan.

398–396Denys. Denys yeṭṭef Motyé, lqelɛa tapunit tameqqrant n ugmur n tegzirt, i d-teqbal mbeɛd Qarṭaǧ. Aḥeṛṣ aqarṭaǧi n Syracuse yettwakkes deg 396 ɣef ddemma n ṭṭaɛun.

azal n 340Ugmur apunik. Mbeɛd sețța iseggasen n yimenɣan yettḍerrin akked uɣelli n Crimisos zdat Timoléon, Qarṭaǧ teqqim kan deg ugmur d unzul-agmur n tegzirt.

315–307Agathocle. Ameɣbun n Syracuse yeṭṭef Messine imbeɛd yettḥuddu lxiwanat ipuniyen. Yettwaḥeṛṣ deg Syracuse, yettawi amenɣi ɣer Tafrikt (wali ddaw-agi).

278–276Pyrrhus. Yettusawel sɣur Igrikiyen n Sicile, agellid n Épire yeṭṭef qrib akk lqwaɛed ipuniyen maca yerreẓ zdat Lilybée, imbeɛd yeffeɣ tigzirt.

Tadiblumasit

Lemɛahda akked Ṛuma

509/508Amtawa amezwaru. Yettwaḥrez sɣur Polybe (III, 22), i t-yesersen di zzman n ikunsulen imezwura. Iṛumaniyen ur zemren ara ad aɛḏun « Ucenfiṛ Ihlan » ; Qarṭaǧ tegall ur tḍurru ara timdinin tilatiniyin.

348Amtawa wis sin. Akken i d-yeqqar Polybe (III, 24), yettwasers sɣur Diodore d Tite-Live. Amḍiq ittwagdlen ɣef Iṛumaniyen yesmɣuṛ armi d Hispanya (Mastia) ; Sardaigne akked Libya sekkṛent-asen.

306 ?« Amtawa n Philinos ». Akken i d-yeqqar umesnezruy Philinos n Agrigente, Ṛuma teǧǧa Sicile, Qarṭaǧ teǧǧa Italya. Polybe (III, 26) yenkar belli yella ; Tite-Live yettwabder tuɣalin deg 306. Tamsalt teqqim d asmeyya.

279/278Mgal Pyrrhus. Timdinin-agi gallant ad ɛawant yiwet tayeḍ mgal ugellid n Épire (Polybe, III, 25). D amtawa-nsent aneggaru send umenɣi.

Lemɛahda-agi ttaken i Qarṭaǧ amagnu n ttjara di Tafrikt n ugafa akked i Ṛuma laman n Latium. Lemsawat-nsen yettnernin aṭas yettwali aṭas n tikwal d asekken n tjeɣrit tettnerni.

310–307 send Ɛisa

Agathocle di Tafrikt

Deg 310, Hamilkar, mmi-s n Giscon, yeṭṭef qrib akk Sicile yeḥreṣ Syracuse. Agathocle yerẓ aḥeṛṣ, yers ɣer Ras Addar yesserɣ lbabura-ines iwakken ad yekkes seg yirgazen-is yal usirem n tuɣalin (Diodore, XX).

I tikkelt tamezwarut, lɛesker n uɛdaw yeḥdem amur n Tafrikt n Qarṭaǧ, i deg kra n yiḍfan ilibikiyen ffɣen. Qarṭaǧ teṭṭuḥettem ad d-tessawel lɛesker-is seg Sicile. Amenɣi yekka krad iseggasen yefra s urewl n Agathocle, i yeǧǧan lɛesker-is (307).

278–276 send Ɛisa

Pyrrhus di Sicile

Mbeɛd tinyafiyin-is iɣezzif ɣef Ṛuma di Italya, agellid n Épire yeɛdu ɣer Sicile s ssawal n Yigrikiyen. Yeṭṭef Éryx akked qrib akk ugmur apunik, maca yerreẓ zdat Lilybée, i lbabura-ines ur zemrent ara ad sekkṛent.

Yeffeɣ deg 276, yeqqar-d, akken i d-yeqqar Plutarque, yeǧǧa Sicile d amḍiq n umenɣi i Iṛumaniyen akked Yiqarṭaǧiyen. Tnac iseggasen mbeɛd, yeldi umenɣi apunik amezwaru.

Krad n yimenɣan

Amenɣi ɣef Sicile, amenɣi ɣef Lebḥer Ageraɣlan, amenɣi iwakken ad tettwahdem Qarṭaǧ.

264–241 send Ɛisa

Amenɣi apunik amezwaru

Amenɣi ɣef Sicile

SebbaMessine tessawel Ṛuma i lɛawna ; Ṛuma tezger ucenfiṛ tkecm ɣer Sicile, amḍiq n Qarṭaǧ.

ImenɣanMylae, Ecnomus, Tunes, Drépane, Tegzirin n Égades

LqerraTanyafit taṛumanit : Qarṭaǧ teffeɣ Sicile.

Ayen-nniḍen ↓

218–201 send Ɛisa

Amenɣi apunik wis sin

Amenɣi n Hanibal

SebbaHanibal yeṭṭef Sagonte, tamddakelt n Ṛuma, di Hispanya (219).

ImenɣanTrébie, Trasimène, Cannes, Métaure, Zama

LqerraTanyafit taṛumanit : Qarṭaǧ texsar Hispanya d lebḥer-is.

Ayen-nniḍen ↓

149–146 send Ɛisa

Amenɣi apunik wis krad

Aḥeṛṣ n Qarṭaǧ

SebbaQarṭaǧ tettḥares mgal Masinisa war laṣel n Ṛuma (150).

ImenɣanKrad iseggasen n uḥeṛṣ, lhuǧum n tafsut n 146

LqerraQarṭaǧ tettwaṭṭef tettwasserɣ ; tamurt-is tuɣal d tamanaḏt n Africa.

Ayen-nniḍen ↓

Deg yiwet tmuɣli

Krad n yimenɣan mseɛdalen

Amsizwar	Amenɣi 1	Amenɣi 2	Amenɣi 3
Tiddet	23 n iseggasen	17 n iseggasen	3 n iseggasen
Lmeqsud	Sicile	Hispanya, Italya, lḥekma ɣef Lebḥer Ageraɣlan	Tudert n Qarṭaǧ
Imukan	Sicile, lebḥura, Tafrikt (teklal n Régulus)	Hispanya, Italya, Sicile, Tafrikt	Qarṭaǧ akked tama-ines
Imenzaway iqarṭaǧiyen	Hanun, Adherbal, Xanthippe, Hamilkar Barka	Hanibal, Hasdrubal akked Magun Barka	Hasdrubal Boétharque
Imenzaway iṛumaniyen	Duilius, Régulus, Lutatius Catulus	Fabius Maximus, Marcellus, Scipion Ufrikan	Scipion Émilien
Imdukkal	Ṛuma : Imamertiniyen, imbeɛd Hiéron n Syracuse (seg 263)	Qarṭaǧ : Igaliyen, Capoue, Syracuse, Philippe V ; Ṛuma : imdukkal italiyen, Masinisa (seg 206)	Ṛuma : Utique akked Inumidiyen ; Qarṭaǧ qrib weḥd-s
Lqerra	Qarṭaǧ teffeɣ Sicile	Qarṭaǧ texsar Hispanya, lebḥer-is d ilfan-is	Qarṭaǧ tettwaṭṭef ; tamanaḏt taṛumanit n Africa
Amtawa	Talwit n Lutatius : 3200 n ttalan deg 10 n iseggasen (+1200 akked Sardaigne deg 237)	10 000 n ttalan deg 50 n iseggasen, 10 n trirèmes	Ula d yiwen : tamdint tettwahdem

Tagejdit n lbabur apuni n Marsala — Lbabur apuni n Marsala, lqern wis 3 send Ɛisa

264–241 send Ɛisa

Amenɣi apunik amezwaru

Deg 264, Imamertiniyen, iɛeskriyen uqeṛḍasen ṭṭfen Messine, ssawalen Ṛuma mgal Syracuse akked Qarṭaǧ. Ṛuma tezger ucenfiṛ : d tikkelt tamezwarut i llejyunat-is ffɣent Italya. Qarṭaǧ teṭṭef dinna ugmur n Sicile akked lebḥer.

Tezmert n wakal, Ṛuma teg lebḥer-is s usegzi n lbabur apuni yettwasersen ɣef tgaraf, tesnulfa corvus, tsidast n tɛerḍa i yesbeddlen amenɣi n lebḥer ɣer wemnuɣ n yiɛeskriyen n uḍar. Mbeɛd 23 iseggasen n umenɣi ɣef wakal d lebḥer, Qarṭaǧ tettwanɣelb di Tegzirin n Égades teṭṭuḥettem ad teffeɣ Sicile.

n iseggasen n umenɣi

~700

n lbabura n umenɣi i yexsar Ṛuma (Polybe) ; azal n 500 i yexsar Qarṭaǧ

3 200

n ttalan i yettwaḥettem Qarṭaǧ ad texles deg talwit

Imenɣan igejdanen

Seg Messine armi d Égades

264MessineLḥala tbeddelṚuma tezger ɣer Sicile iwakken ad teɛawen Imamertiniyen : tazwart n umenɣi.

262AgrigenteTanyafit taṛumanitMbeɛd uḥeṛṣ iɣezzif, Ṛuma teṭṭef lqelɛa tapunit tameqqrant n unzul n tegzirt.

260MylaeTanyafit taṛumanitTanyafit taṛumanit tamezwarut n lebḥer, s ddemma n corvus ; akunsul Duilius yeṭṭef triyunf.

256EcnomusTanyafit taṛumanitYiwet seg tmenɣiwin timeqqranin n lebḥer deg ddunit taqdimt : azal n 330 n lbabura iṛumaniyen mgal 350 ipuniyen. Ṛuma tenjer di Tafrikt.

255TunesTanyafit tapunitAspartiyat Xanthippe, i Qarṭaǧ, yeḥlek lɛesker n Régulus s ilfan akked ineggafen ; Régulus yettwaṭṭef.

249DrépaneTanyafit tapunitAdherbal yehdem lebḥer n ukunsul Claudius Pulcher — i yegren, akken qqaren, ifer iqeddsen ɣer lebḥer mi ugin ad ččen.

247–241Adrar n ÉryxLḥala tbeddelHamilkar Barka yezgi di Sicile amenɣi uffir i Ṛuma ur tezmir ara ad t-tessemẓi.

241Tegzirin n ÉgadesTanyafit taṛumanitAss n 10 meɣres, lbabura n Lutatius Catulus ɛerḍen lbabura ipuniyen ɛemmṛen s lqut : azal n 50 ttwaghuzen, 70 ttwaṭṭfen. Tagara n umenɣi.

241–237 send Ɛisa · Tafrikt

Amennuɣ n Iɛeskriyen Uqeṛḍasen

Yehdem s umenɣi, Qarṭaǧ ur tezmir ara ad texles azal n 20 000 n yiɛeskriyen uqeṛḍasen i d-yuɣalen seg Sicile. Kkren-d ddaw n Spendios, Mathos d Autarite ; timdinin tilibikiyin, ḥeṛṣent s lxerj, dduklent-d yid-sen, imbeɛd Utique akked Hippo. Qarṭaǧ s yiman-is tettwaḥeṛṣ.

Hamilkar Barka yesserɣel-iten deg lkamin n « Scie » (238), imbeɛd yeḥlek Mathos. Polybe yessawel-as amenɣi « ur yettwasemmeḥ ara ». Flaubert yegg-it d amḍiq n Salammbô (1862).

Ṛuma teṭṭef ɣef teklal

Deg 238–237, Ṛuma teṭṭef Sardaigne, imbeɛd Corse, tḥuddu s umenɣi Qarṭaǧ yeεyan : tessuter 1200 n ttalan-nniḍen. I Polybe, lmeεna-agi tella d yiwet seg ssababat n umenɣi wis sin.

218–201 send Ɛisa

Amenɣi apunik wis sin

Ameqqran akteṛ seg krad n yimenɣan. Sețța iɛecrin iseggasen, Hanibal yennuɣ di Italya war ma yexsar ula d yiwen n umenɣi usrid.

Mbeɛd lexsas n Sicile, At Barka bennun di Hispanya tazmert tamaynut, tarikt s lmɛadin n nnuqra-ines. Deg 219, Hanibal yeṭṭef Sagonte ; Ṛuma tesres amenɣi. Yezger Idurar n Pyrénées akked Idurar n Alpes, yawi amenɣi ɣer Italya.

Ṛuma tegri amenɣi usrid (tirrategin n Fabius « Win Yettwaxeṛṭalen ») tḥuddu deg wemkan-nniḍen : di Hispanya, imbeɛd di Tafrikt. Scipion yers deg 204 ; Hanibal, yettusawel, yettwanɣelb di Zama deg 202. Qarṭaǧ teqqim tedder, maca war leslaḥ.

219SagonteLḥala tbeddelṬsam wagguren n uḥeṛṣ ; aɣelli n temdint yesnulfa amenɣi.

218Idurar n AlpesLxedma tapesskartHanibal yezger Idurar n Alpes akked ilfan-is, yekcem Italya.

218Tessin, TrébieTanyafit tapunitTinyafiyin tiamezwura di ugafa n Italya ; Igaliyen dduklen.

217TrasimèneTanyafit tapunitTuffra deg usigna : 15 000 n Iṛumaniyen ttwanɣan, akunsul Flaminius netta daɣen.

216CannesTanyafit tapunitAzzel s snat n tama-s : aɣelli iẓayen akteṛ deg umezruy n Ṛuma.

212SyracuseTanyafit taṛumanitṚuma teṭṭef tamdint mbeɛd sin iseggasen n uḥeṛṣ ; Archimède yettwanɣa dinna.

209CarthagèneTanyafit taṛumanitScipion yeṭṭef s lεjeb taneddawt n At Barka di Hispanya.

207MétaureTanyafit taṛumanitHasdrubal Barka, i d-yusan ad yesnefses gma-s, yettwanɣa.

206IlipaTanyafit taṛumanitAɣelli aqarṭaǧi yettwaḥettmen : Hispanya tettwaxesra, Gadir tefka iman-is.

202ZamaTanyafit taṛumanitHanibal yettwanɣelb di Tafrikt sɣur Scipion akked Masinisa.

219 send Ɛisa

Sagonte

Tamdint tiberiyen tamddakelt n Ṛuma ɣer unzul n Èbre : aḥeṛṣ-ines sɣur Hanibal yella d casus belli.

217 send Ɛisa

Trasimène

Ɣef rrif agafa n ilel, lɛesker aṛumani yettwaṭṭef deg tikli n webrid : tuffra tameqqrant akteṛ n zzman aqdim.

Ɣef tkarṭa

Timura n Qarṭaǧ d Ṛuma seg 814 armi d 146, imbeɛd tikli n Hanibal, s umussu.

814 uqbel Ɛisa

Asali n tkarṭa…

Tilisa iqerrben ɣef leḥsab n tezrawin n umezruy (timnaḏin n tiɣawla, mačči d tilisa n wass-agi). Agrudem n tkarṭa: Natural Earth. Imukan iqdimen: isental yettwassnen.

Amezruy n tudert

Hanibal Barka

Limin, Idurar n Alpes, Cannes, Zama, lɣerba akked tmettant di Libyssa.

Wali →

Tugniwin s umussu

Tirrategin

Cannes, Trébie, Zama : tirrayin s yiḍes s yiḍes.

Wali →

Tizgart n Idurar n Alpes

Ilfan

Seg ilfan n ugafa n Tafrikt armi d 80 n ilfan n Zama.

Wali →

201 send Ɛisa

Amtawa n talwit

10 000n ttalan n nnuqra, ad ttwaxelsen deg 50 n iseggasen n 200 n ttalan

10n trirèmes kan : wayen-nniḍen n lebḥer n umenɣi yettunefk yettwasserɣ

Ilfanakk ttunefken, akked legdel n usles n wiyaḍ imaynuten

Amenɣiyegdel ɣer berra n Tafrikt, akked di Tafrikt war laṣel n Ṛuma

MasinisaQarṭaǧ teṭṭuḥettem ad as-terr timura n yimezwura-s

100imeḥbas ițwafernen sɣur Scipion

Qarṭaǧ tettali s lɣaci : deg 191, tessumer ad texles yakk deg yiwet tikkelt ayen i d-yeqqimen n lexlaṣ. Ṛuma tagi — lexlaṣ n yal aseggas yella daɣen d azday n lḥuḍuɛ.

149–146 send Ɛisa

Amenɣi apunik wis krad

Xemsin iseggasen mbeɛd Zama, Qarṭaǧ tfukk lexlaṣ-ines tettali s ssɛaya. Di Ṛuma, Caton Amɣar yesmed yal taɣect-is s « Carthago delenda est » : ilaq ad tettwahdem Qarṭaǧ.

151–150Tḥeṛṣ sɣur Masinisa, Qarṭaǧ tezzi aɛesskar iwakken ad teḥdar iman-is, mgal ṛṛay n Ṛuma : d laṣel i gebɣan.

149Lɛesker n ukunsul yers ɣer Utique. Qarṭaǧ tefka 300 n warraw n twaculin timeqqranin d imeḥbas, imbeɛd, akken i d-yeqqar Appien, 200 000 n leslaḥ akked 2000 n yisebbaren.

Aḥettem aneggaruṚuma tessuter imzedɣen ad ǧǧen tamdint ad zedɣen ɣer 80 n stades (azal n 15 km) seg lebḥer. Qarṭaǧ tugi.

149–147Tamdint tuɣal tezzi leslaḥ : xeddmen iḍ akked wass, tilawin, akken i d-yeqqar Appien, gezzment ac̣wawen-nsent i tsiɣdin n yisebbaren. Lhuǧum iṛumaniyen rrẓen.

147Scipion Émilien yeṭṭef lqiyada yesekkeṛ lebḥer s lseqqa.

Tafsut 146Sețța wussan n umenɣi deg iberdan armi d Byrsa. Azal n 50 000 n wid i d-yeqqimen fkan iman-nsen ttwazenzen d aklan. Tameṭṭut n unezwi Hasdrubal tegr iman-is deg times akked warraw-is.

Lxrab n lḥamamat n Antonin di Qarṭaǧ — Lḥamamat n Antonin — Qarṭaǧ taṛumanit, yettwasers daɣen deg umḍiq-nni

Tamacahut d tidet

Lmelḥ ɣef lxrab ?

Tamdint tettwasserɣ akal-is yettwanɛal, maca ula d yiwen uɣbalu aqdim ur yebder ara lmelḥ : d asnulfu atrar. Tutlayt d tgemmi tapunit qqimen ddren, Ṛuma tesres daɣen Qarṭaǧ lqern mbeɛd, ddaw n César d Auguste ; tuɣal d taneddawt n Tafrikt taṛumanit.

Aṭṭef n Qarṭaǧ →

Pour aller plus loin

Sources de cette page

10 références

Sources antiques

Hérodote, ImezruyenI, 166 — amenɣi n Alalia
Polybe, ImezruyenIII, 22 ; III, 24–26 — aḏris n lemɛahda ger Ṛuma d Qarṭaǧ ; daɣen i umenɣi amezwaru d umennuɣ n Iɛeskriyen Uqeṛḍasen
Philinos n Agrigente — adlis yeruḥen, yettwassen sɣur Polybe (III, 26)
Diodore n Sicile, Axxam n yidlisen n umezruyXX — Agathocle di Tafrikt ; azemz n lemɛahda n 348
Tite-Live, Amezruy aṛumani — azemz n lemɛahda n 348 akked tuɣalin n 306
Plutarque, Tudert n Pyrrhus — aεdaw n Pyrrhus seg Sicile (276)
Appien, Libyca — lekkes n leslaḥ akked uḥeṛṣ n Qarṭaǧ (149–146)
Caton Amɣar — awal « Carthago delenda est », yettwaselken s tmacahut

Travaux modernes

Gustave Flaubert, Salammbô, 1862 — ungal, yettwabder deg usebter
Wikipédia, Carthage ; Civilisation carthaginoise — CC BY-SA 4.0, agbur yettwasegmi

Toute la bibliographie →Glossaire →

Ɣer daɣen

Aɛesskar & lebḥer

Aɛesskar n Qarṭaǧ

Tarbaɛt tiqeddsent, ineggafen inumidiyen, imegrragen akked lbabura tiqenneεinin.

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Tadamsa

Ssɛaya i yesḥuddun Ṛuma

Acuɣer Qarṭaǧ, war leslaḥ maca tesεa ssɛaya, tezga tḥuddu Ssenaṭ.

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Takarṭa s umussu

Qarṭaǧ ɣef tkarṭa

Timura, tikli n Hanibal, tirzan akked yimdukkal.

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