Lmeεna yettwassenen s laεna
Hanibal
Aktab n yisekkilen :Ḥnbʿl
« Lḥif n Baal », « Baal yefka lḥif »
Isem iεeǧben aṭas deg tira, aṭas uqbel mmi-s n Hamilkar Barka.
Qarṭaǧ · Tudert n wass ɣer wass
Tudert n wass ɣer wass di Qarṭaǧ
D acu ččan, amek țelsan, amek i semman i warraw-nsen ? Tiririt teqqim deg ucerreg : ixxamen yettwasellen, ifecka n yimḍalen, agar n tira tiwezlanin, akked tamuɣli, aṭas n tikwal yesḥeqqṛen, n Yigrikiyen d Iṛumaniyen.
Lqern wis 6 – 2 send ƐisaKerkouane · ByrsaTasenfarrut akked yiḏrisen
Uqbel ad nebdu
Amek i t-nessen ?
Ikecfan
Kerkouane, i yeǧǧan deg ammas n lqern wis 3 send Ɛisa war ma tettwabna daɣen, akked yigrawen ipuniyen n Byrsa, sbeggnen-d ixxamen ; imḍalen fkan-d lǥab, lǥawahar, iwuraren.
Tira
Agar n izran n usfel, s telqey n tofet, fkan-d ismawen, lxedmat, taseddast n twaculin, kra n tikwal azemz. Wezlanin, qrib akk d ayen n ddin.
Imeskaren ibeṛṛaniyen
Caton, Plaute, Platon, Tite-Live neɣ Justin meslayen ɣef Qarṭaǧ seg berra, aṭas n tikwal d iɛdawen. Nbeddeṛ-iten, nḥerz tamuɣli tasmeyyit.
Axxam
Ɣer tama n ammas
Ixxamen ipuniyen ur qqimen ara ala deg lqaɛa, maca ḥekkun-d tudert n twacult : aman, ẓẓiwan, lxusuyya.
AɣawasIberdan iwεren, tigejda yemsaɛdalen : di Kerkouane am deg igrawen i gettwassemman Magun d Hanibal di Qarṭaǧ, yal axxam yesεa ammas yeldin ɣer igenni.
TawwurtAbrid aqcic yeqqen abrid ɣer ammas : seg berra, ur ttwalin ara tudert n wexxam. Taxxamt ɣef webrid tezmer ad tili d lmaɣaza.
AmanYal axxam yesεa lǥab-is, yettčaṭ s waman n ugeffur ; laberat yețjemmaɛ aman iqebḥen. Aman d lxedma tudmawant.
AɣesselDi Kerkouane, aṭas n ixxamen sεan taxxamt tamecṭuḥt n waman s tɣawsa n uɣessel, s ukersi : lɛawan idris deg ddunit taqdimt n zzman-nni.
LǥabPavimentum punicum, lmertel azeggaɣ ɛemmṛen s iqeṭṭuɛen n yizran, yesεa kra n tikwal acaraf n Tanit qrib tewwurt.
IḥedrayenDi Qarṭaǧ, tsidasin sbeggnent-d yiwen neɣ aṭas n yiḥedrayen ; Appien yemmeslay ɣef ixxamen n sețța iḥedrayen, war asteqqen asenfarrutan.
Ɣer ṭṭabla
Irden, lǥebna, tamment akked uslem
Ulac adlis n lmakla apunik i d-wwḍen ɣur-neɣ. Nesnulfa lmakla s wayen i d-yeqqimen deg ikecfan, ifecka akked kra n yiḏrisen ilatiniyen.
Talɣa « tapunit » n Caton
Puls punica
- 1 lṭarn alica (ikkil n yirden amidonnier)
- 3 lṭarenn lǥebna tamaynut
- azgen n lṭarn tamment
- 1tamellalt
Sers alica deg waman, ǧǧ-it ad yesseww s telqey.
Smir-it deg uqbac yeṣfan.
Rnu lǥebna tamaynut, tamment akked tmellalt ; semsel akk.
Smir-it ɣer tqabact tamaynut, seww-it.
Caton ur d-yefka ara lweqt ne sshana : lṭar aṛumani yeẕẕal azal n 327 g.
Aḏris alatini
« Pultem punicam sic coquito. Libram alicae in aquam indito, facito uti bene madeat… »
« Seww tεesimt tapunit akka. Sers lṭar n alica deg waman, ǧǧ-it ad yesseww s telqey… »
Caton Amɣar, De agricultura, 85 (ammas n lqern wis 2 send Ɛisa)
Laḥḏer : d talɣa taṛumanit « s wudem apunik ». Teqqar-d ayen i d-ssawalen Iṛumaniyen ɣer Qarṭaǧ, mačči s laṣel ayen i ččan Iqarṭaǧiyen yal ass. Tεesimt n yirden tella daɣen d lmakla tagejdant n Iṛumaniyen.
Irden
Aɣrum d tεesimin
Irden d ciεir gant laṣel n lmakla, deg tfarfarin, aɣrum d tεesimin. Tugna n ukufi n talaḥt, seg wudem n tabuna i yettwaseqdacen mazal ass-a di Tunisia, yettwafen deg weẓekka n Qarṭaǧ.
Lebḥer
Tadamsa →Aslem d garum
Aṣaweḏ, islman iqquren neɣ iqqesen, ṣṣedfa ; akked garum, lqut n uslem yettwasbibicen i d-yesfeṛqen umaḏal apunik aseqdec-ines ɣef Lebḥer Ageraɣlan.
Iferkiwen
Tiini, ṛṛumman, tiẓuṛin
Tiini, aẓalim, uzemmur, uluz ; ṛṛumman, i gessawalen Iṛumaniyen « tazart tapunit » (malum punicum, Pline Amɣar, adlis XIII) ; tiẓuṛin n tazdayt, acaraf i yeɣfen idrimen n Qarṭaǧ.
Ccṛab
Tafellaḥt →Passum
Magun yefka talɣa n ccṛab-agi n uẓalim yeqqur ɣef yiṭij imbeɛd yettwaɛemmren deg wučči n uẓalim ; ameǥeri aṛumani Columelle yeɣra-t (De re rustica, XII, 39).
Platon, Leqwanin, II, 674a
Taɣardast mgal ccṛab
Akken i d-yeqqar Platon, taɣardast taqarṭaǧit tegdel ccṛab i yiɛeskriyen deg teklal, i yimḥekmen deg useggas-nsen n tiẓyawt, i yimsegmaḏ n lbabur akked yimḥekmen deg lxedma.
Caton deg Ssenaṭ
Tazart n Qarṭaǧ
Iwakken ad yesken aɛdaw ur yelli ara ala krad wussan n lebḥer, Caton yesken-d, akken qqaren, deg Ssenaṭ tazart tafrint yettwagezmen di Qarṭaǧ (Pline Amɣar, XV, 74-76).
Ɣer tadyant →Ad yettwaḥḏer fell-as
Aqjun deg wučči ?
Justin (XIX, 1) yefka i ugellid n Pers Darius lameṛ yegdel i Yiqarṭaǧiyen ad ččen aqjun. Tadyant-agi, tweḥḥed teḍheṛ-d lweqt aṭṭas, teqqim ur tettwasenqes ara.
Alsa d usentem
Aglim, aẓeɛfran akked lǥawahar
Ula d yiwet llebsa tapunit ur teqqim ara. Nessen-tent s izran, talaḥt, lkafen — akked ucenfiṛ n ibeṛṛaniyen.
TaqendurtIrgazen d tilawin ṭṭfen taqendurt tɣezfant, war tsiɣdin aṭas n tikwal : akka i d-yeg Plaute Aqarṭaǧi Hanun deg tectaḥit-ines Poenulus (tazwart n lqern wis 2 send Ɛisa).
LemqedminTaqendurt n uɣes, aɣummu εlayen, aqerru yettwagerḏen : d tugna n uzru nnig-agi. Silius Italicus yeḥka-d am akken lemqedmin n Melqart di Gadès, drus iḍaṛṛen, εebban aɣes (Punica, III).
Abeṛnus d uẓeɛfranAbeṛnus yesmed llebsa. Aẓeɛfran, i d-yettwaksen seg murex, yettwaxdem deg wemkan-nni : Kerkouane tefka-d igar n ṣṣedfa yettwarẓen.
TiḥerfiyinUcenfiṛen akked talaḥt sbeggnen-d irgazen tecban, tilawin yeɣummen neɣ yesɛan acewwaf iɣezfen yeɣlin ɣef tgecrar.
LǥawaharTimeqyasin ɛemmṛen, tiqenniḍent, lxwatem n tnzert (nezem), tixxamin-ṭṭwabeɛ : ddheb d izran iqesḥen țțusentmen aṭas.
LɛeṭṭarIqbac n djaǧ yecṭaḥen, isɣuyan n lebxur, lemrayat n ṣṣfeṛ ddan akked yemmuten : laḥẕar n lǥetta yekcem armi d weẓekka.
Lxwatem n usentemUcenfiṛen imeẓyanen n djaǧ, tugniwin n Bès neɣ til Oudjat, ikufan n ddheb neɣ n nnuqra εebban deg umgerḏ : țțusentmen seg tiṭ tucmit.
Azwel ara nesmid
« Taẓẓuɣurt » tapunit ?
I Yigrikiyen d Iṛumaniyen, Ifiniqiyen d imsezzenzen imcewwfen, ɛemmṛen s lɛeṭṭar d lǥawahar, mačči d irgazen. Plaute yekkes-d seg-s ccetla : taqendurt tɣezfant, war tsiɣdin, aqeddac s imeẓẓuɣen ițwaqecmen s lxwatem.
Lɛalamat-agi llant d timasayin deg Ccerq Aqrib, ur d-qqaren wacemma ɣef lεib. Tite-Live s yiman-is yeḥka-d Hanibal yettuɛeqlen, yeṭṭes ɣef lqaɛa deg uberṭel n uɛeskri, yelsa am imdukkal-is.
Plaute, Poenulus, v. 975 d wayen i d-iḍfaren · Tite-Live, XXI, 4
Ismawen ipuniyen
Ismawen d tẓallit
Tugget n yismawen iqarṭaǧiyen d tefyar tiwezlanin i d-yessawlen i yillu. Ttwarun war inzizen, seg uyeffus ɣer uzelmaḍ, aṭas n tikwal wwḍen-d ɣur-neɣ ttwabeddlen s tegrikit d telatinit.
Lmeεna yettwassenen s laεna
Hasdrubal
Aktab n yisekkilen :ʿzrbʿl
« Baal d amεawan-iw »
Yeṭṭef-it argaz n yelli-s akked mmi-s n Hamilkar, akked anezwi aneggaru n Qarṭaǧ deg 146.
Lmeεna i gezmer ad yili
Hamilkar
Aktab n yisekkilen :Ḥmlqrt
« Gma-s n Melqart »
Tɣuri yemεeǧben akteṛ (ʾḥ-mlqrt) : isem yesduklen bab-is akked yillu n Ṣur.
Lmeεna i gezmer ad yili
Bomilkar
Aktab n yisekkilen :Bdmlqrt
« Deg ufus n Melqart »
Yebɣa ad yini ddaw n uḥraz-is. Yeṭṭef-it anezwi i yeεreḏen ad yeṭṭef lḥekma deg 308 send Ɛisa (Diodore, XX, 44).
Lmeεna yettwasmeyyan
Himilcon
Aktab n yisekkilen :Ḥmlkt
« Gma-s n Tagellidt » (?)
Milkat, « Tagellidt », tezmer ad tili d alqab n tyillut ; tɣuri-agi mazal-itt tettwasmeyya. Isem n umsegmaḏ n Ugaraw n Turuft (Pline, II, 169).
Lmeεna i gezmer ad yili
Magun
Aktab n yisekkilen :Mgn
« Tikci » (n yilluten)
Ahat seg uẓaṛ mgn, « ad yefk ». Isem n umeǥeri d gma-s ameẕyan n Hanibal.
Lmeεna i gezmer ad yili
Hanun
Aktab n yisekkilen :Ḥnʾ
« Lḥif, aεeggal »
Talɣa tawezlant n yisem s ḥn-, yillu-ines yettwaεqel war ma yettwabder. Isem n umsegmaḏ n Tiklarit akked Hanun Ameqqran.
Lmeεna yettwassenen s laεna
Adherbal
Aktab n yisekkilen :ʾdrbʿl
« Baal yesεa tazmert »
Yeṭṭef-it unemhal n lebḥer i yenɣelben lebḥer aṛumani di Drépane deg 249 send Ɛisa (Polybe, I, 49-51).
Lmeεna yettwassenen s laεna
Abdmelqart
Aktab n yisekkilen :ʿbdmlqrt
« Aqeddac n Melqart »
Ismawen s ʿbd-, « aqeddac n », ḍfeṛen-t s yisem n yillu, llan gar wid ițɛemmren akteṛ ɣef izran.
Lmeεna yettwassenen s laεna
Amotmelqart
Aktab n yisekkilen :ʾmtmlqrt
« Taqeddact n Melqart »
Talɣa tanṭawt, tettwaf ɣef izran n usfel n Qarṭaǧ, anida tilawin ggent-d asfel s yisem-nsent s yiman-nsent.
Lmeεna i gezmer ad yili
Sofonisba
Aktab n yisekkilen :Ṣpnbʿl
« Baal yeḥraz »
Talɣa tagrikit d talatinit n yisem apunik i d-yettwasersen Ṣapanbaʿal : tɣuri i gezmer ad tili, mačči d tamagnut.
Lmeεna yettwasmeyyan
Elisa
Aktab n yisekkilen :ʾlšt
Lmeɛna ur yettwassen ara
Aktab agrikan n yisem afiniqi i d-yettwasersen ʾlšt ; lmeɛna-s, am win n Didun, mazal-it yettwasmeyya.
Ɣer isem apunik
Ifecka n yismawen
Isem apunik yesdukkel isem n yillu akked wawal neɣ amyag. Deg tira, yal yiwen yeṭṭef lǥerima-ines, kra n tikwal deg aṭas n tsutawin (« X mmi-s n Y mmi-s n Z ») ; ismawen-nni s yiman-nsen ttɛawaden seg jeddi armi d arraw, syen i d-yekka waṭas n Hanibal d Hasdrubal.
Agemmay afiniqi- bʿl« sidi », Baal
- mlqrt« agellid n temdint », Melqart
- ḥn« lḥif »
- ʿzr« amεawan »
- ʿbd« aqeddac »
- ʾmt« taqeddact »
- bd« seg ufus n »
- ʾḥ« gma-s »
Zzman
Wagguren, tisuɣyin akked yilluten n wexxam
Awitay apunik yettwassen kan s ucerreg : kra n yismawen n wagguren, kra n tisuɣyin, s telqey s tira akked yimeskaren igrikiyen.
Awitay
Wagguren n waggur
Awal yrḥ yebɣa ad yini aggur akked waggur n wasegas. Di Qarṭaǧ, iseggasen ttwaseklan s yismawen n sin sufeṭ i yezgan. Atan wagguren yettwassnen deg tira tifiniqiyin akked tipuniyen ; aẓwel-nsen deg useggas mazal yettwasnulfa.
zbḥ šmš« Asfel n yiṭij ». Yettwabder ɣef tḥuṛiyin n ddheb n Pyrgi (azal n 500 send Ɛisa).
mrpʾLmeɛna yettwasmeyya, ahat yeqqen ɣer usijji (aẓaṛ rpʾ).
pʿltLmeɛna ur yettwassen ara.
krrLmeɛna ur yettwassen ara.
ḥyrLmeɛna ur yettwassen ara.
mpʿLmeɛna ur yettwassen ara.
ʾtnmYettwassen daɣen deg Linǥil (Étanim, 1 Rois 8, 2).
blBul, yettwabder ɣef welɣem n Eshmunazar di Ṣaydun akked deg Linǥil (1 Rois 6, 38).
Tisuɣyin
Aḥuzi n Melqart
Di Ṣur, agellid Hiram yesres, akken qqaren, « aḥuzi » (s tegrikit égersis) n Héraclès-Melqart (Ménandre n Éphèse, yettwabder sɣur Flavius Josèphe, Tɣawsiwin Taɛebraniyin, VIII, 146). Tira tipuniyin bedrent alqab n lmeqdem, « win i d-isekkren illu » (mqm ʾlm), i gettwaqqnen ɣer lɛada-agi ; tikli-ines ur tettwassen ara.
Yal aseggas, Qarṭaǧ tettazen ɣer Ṣur tarbaɛt n iεeggalet s wasfel i Melqart : iεeggalet iqarṭaǧiyen llan dinna lawan n uḥeṛṣ n Alexandre, deg 332 (Arrien, Anabase, II, 24).
ÉgersisAsfel ɣer ṢurDéméter d Korè (396)
Imahlen n wexxam
Iyilluten deg wexxam
Ɣer umnarDi Kerkouane, kra n lǥab n tewwurt yesεa acaraf n Tanit : asentem yettwasersen anida yekcem umdan.
Mgal lɛibUcenfiṛen yettemcaben yettwaseklaqen, lxwatem n Bès neɣ Horus : sfeḍen leǥnun seg wexxam am seg lǥetta.
Tafat d lebxurIkufan n zzit d isɣuyan n lebxur, kra n tikwal s telɣa n uqerru n yillu, xeddmen deg wass ɣer wass am deg udin.
Iyilluten imaynutenDeg 396 send Ɛisa, Qarṭaǧ teṭṭef udin agrikan n Déméter akked Korè (Diodore, XIV, 77) : lɛada tezger-itt daɣen.
Aẓawan, yiwuraren, tememmit
Tibendayer d ikufan n warraw
Imḍalen n warraw akked tugniwin n talaḥt fkan-d tamuɣli, mačči akmilen, ɣef wurar akked usegmi.
AẓawanTugniwin sbeggnen-d tilawin ṭṭfent tabendayer ɣef idmaren-nsent ; amaḏal afiniqi yessen daɣen imeẕẕuɣen n ssnitra snat. Tugniwin-agi aṭas n tikwal qqnent ɣer udin.
ImecṭaḥImḍalen n warraw fkan-d ikufan n lfexxaṛ akked lxwatem n usentem ; yettwabder daɣen igedwan akked yiwuraren n tɣuyit.
YiwurarenIɣsan n yiḍaren, awuraren yemsedwayen deg Lebḥer Ageraɣlan aqdim akk, ḍahren daɣen di tegnit tapunit ; leqwanin n Qarṭaǧ s yiman-is ffɣen-aɣ.
LxezratImeskaren, lemqedmin akked imsezzenzen ssnen ad arun. Adlis n tfellaḥt n Magun yura s tapunikt ; Ṛuma tefka lameṛ s tsuɣelt-is ɣer tlatinit mbeɛd 146 (Pline, XVIII, 22).
TagrikitImeqqranen sselmaden-tt : Hanibal yesεa d aselmad Sosylos n Sparte (Cornélius Népos, Hanibal, 13). Justin (XX, 5) yeqqar-d maca legdel n lweqt n uɣra-ines, deg lqern wis 4, mbeɛd lexdeɛ.
Tamettant d usmekti
Mbeɛd tudert
Imḍalen ɣer berra n lesswar, lebyuṛ n yimḍalen, ifecka n yimḍalen, izran n tofet : lɛadat n tmettant țwabedren akked ddin, aɣerbaz n yimḍalen akked taẓuri tapunit.
Pour aller plus loinSources de cette page
15 références
Sources antiques
- Caton Amɣar, Ɣef tfellaḥt (De agri cultura)85 — puls punica
- Plaute, Poenulus (Aqarṭaǧi Amecṭuḥ)v. 975 d wayen i d-iḍfaren
- Platon, LeqwaninII, 674a
- Tite-Live, Amezruy aṛumaniXXI, 4
- Polybe, ImezruyenI, 49–51
- Diodore n Sicile, Axxam n yidlisen n umezruyXIV, 77 ; XX, 44
- Justin, Agzul n Imezruyen Ifilibiyen n Trogue PompéeXIX, 1 ; XX, 5
- Cornelius Nepos, Hanibal13
- Pline Amɣar, Amezruy n tɣawsiwinII, 169 ; XIII ; XV, 74–76 ; XVIII, 22
- Columelle, Ɣef tfellaḥt (De re rustica)XII, 39
- Silius Italicus, PunicaIII
- Flavius Josèphe, Tɣawsiwin TaɛebraniyinVIII, 146 — yettbeddeṛ Ménandre n Éphèse
- Arrien, AnabaseII, 24
- Appien, Libyca (Adlis afrikan) — ixxamen n sețța iḥedrayen
Travaux modernes
- Gilbert Charles-Picard, Colette Picard, La Vie quotidienne à Carthage au temps d'Hannibal, Paris, Hachette, 1958 — agzul n uɣbalu ɣef tɣawsa