Qarṭaǧ · Aɛesskar

Aɛesskar n Qarṭaǧ

Imdebbren iqarṭaǧiyen zdat n iɛeskriyen i d-yusan seg Lɣerb n Agaraw Alemmas meṛṛa — akked usutel ameqqran akk deg zzman-is.

Anwa i gennuɣen ɣef Qarṭaǧ?

Kannas akked imenɣan ipunikiyen →

Qarṭaǧ

Tarbaɛt tamqeddest

Ɣer 2 500 n yinamuren n tifaẓt, ddan s leslaḥ ɣezzif, ɣef leḥsab n Diyudur. Imdebbren d iqarṭaǧiyen.

Tunes n wass-agi

Iɛeskriyen uḍaren Ilibiyen

Ul n uɛesskar: iɛeskriyen uḍaren ifaẓen, ddan s rremḥ d uglaɣelɣal, ttwasɣaren tikkelt-nniḍen di Kannas s leslaḥ yettwakksen seg Iṛumaniyen.

Numidya

Aɛesskar ɣef wuyis Anumidi

War tiserdunt war lexṭam, fessus ur nettwaṭṭef ara: asḥaz, tarurwit tarrurant akked tuɣalin tuɣrint. Aɛesskar ɣef wuyis yelhan akk deg Agaraw Alemmas.

Tegzirin n Baliyar

Imcetliyen

Ttwasɣaren seg tmeẕẕuɣt, ddan s tlata n tɣamsa akken ad wten s tanzagin yemgaraden (Strabun), ssekcamen aẓru d tirgalin n rrṣaṣ.

Ispanya & Gal

Iberiyen, Iseltiberiyen, Igaliyen

Tasmi tiberit — Ṛuma teẖdem seg-s gladius hispaniensis-ines — akked tɣecwect n Igaliyen n ugafa n Italya, i ddukklen deg Italya: tlemmast n uggur n Kannas.

Ugafa n Tafrikt

Ilfan

Laslaḥ n uẖellel d uẖuf; 80 di Zama ɣef leḥsab n Bulib.

Issin ugar →

Asɣan

Aɛesskar n lɛuhud akked tdukliwin

Qarṭaǧ, tamdint n ttjara ur nesɛi ara aṭas n yinamuren, ur tesger ara iɛesskaren imeqqranen n yinamuren. Tesmaɣlay tlata n yiɣbula: Ilibiyen n tmurt-is tafriqit, ilaq-asen leqdic; tirebbuɛin n yigelliden d yimeqqranen imɛawanen, ɣer tazwara Inumidiyen; akked yiɛeskriyen uqeṛḍasen yettwasɣen s lexlaṣ di Ispanya, di Gal, di Baliyar, di Lyunan neɣ di Kampanya.

Iqayden d imdebbren llan d iqarṭaǧiyen. Inamuren qeddcen ugar deg usutel, ur ddin ara s leslaḥ s tegrawla ala m'ara d-yili uẖaṭar ameqqran — mgal Agathoklis deg 310, mgal Regulus deg 256-255, deg uhuzi aneggaru n 149-146.

Anagraw-agi yesɛa talast-is: deg 241, iɛeskriyen uqeṛḍasen i d-yuɣalen seg Sqilliya, ur ttwaxelsen ara mliḥ, ssukkren. Amennuɣ n Iɛeskriyen Uqeṛḍasen (241-238) qrib yewwi Qarṭaǧ, uqbel ma Hamilqar Barka i t-yehudden.

IlibiyenImɛawanen InumidiyenIɛeskriyen uqeṛḍasenImdebbren iqarṭaǧiyen

Tamenɣut tamezwarut tapunikt · 255

Ksanṭipus Aspartit

Aɛeskri uqeṛḍas aspartit yettwasɣen sɣur Qarṭaǧ asmi aqunṣul Regulus yessers lkamb-is zdat Tunes. Issebded ɛawed aɛesskar, isseqdec aɛesskar ɣef wuyis akked ilfan deg uzaɣaṛ, yehudd ilijyun: Regulus yettwaṭṭef, Qarṭaǧ tettusellek.

Tamenɣut n Tunes (Bagradas), 255 uqbel Ɛisa

Ɣef leḥsab n Bulib

Aɛesskar n Hanibal s wuṭṭunen

Tafsut 218

Ifeg seg Qarṭaǧant s 90 000 n iɛeskriyen uḍaren akked 12 000 ɣef wuyis.

Seld Ibru

Yeǧǧa tirebbuɛin n uḥadar di Ispanya: yezger idurar n Pirene s 50 000 n iɛeskriyen uḍaren akked 9 000 ɣef wuyis; 37 n ilfan zegren Ṛun.

Amwan 218

Yewweḏ ɣer Italya seld idurar n Alpes: 12 000 n Ifriqiyen, 8 000 n Iberiyen akked 6 000 ɣef wuyis, uṭṭunen i gejreḏ Hanibal s yiman-is ɣer ẖali Lacinium.

Kannas, 216

Ɣer 40 000 n iɛeskriyen uḍaren akked 10 000 ɣef wuyis zdat ɣer 80 000 n Iṛumaniyen d yimɛawanen-nsen.

Zama, 202

80 n ilfan deg tɣelt tamezwarut, sakin iɛeskriyen uqeṛḍasen, Ilibiyen d Iqarṭaǧiyen, akked iqeddimen n Italya deg tmendawt.

Taɣmart n lbabuṛ apunik n Marsala — Lbabuṛ apunik n Marsala, aqeṛn wis 3 uqbel Ɛisa

Asutel n lebḥer

Imeqqranen n lebḥer

Lbabuṛen ipunikiyen ttwabnan s telqey tazuzayt: iẖricen-nsen sɛan tsekkilin n usbenneɣ, akken i t-id-yesken uẖiyar n Marsala. Ṛuma teẖdem ɣef lbabuṛ aqarṭaǧi yesɣumben akken ad tbeg asutel-ines amezwaru.

220

n yimukan n ldgar dayrawi (Appyan)

~300

n yimeqdafen deg yal kinkiṛim

n lbabuṛen yettwaqeblen seld 201

Lbabuṛen n Qarṭaǧ

Asutel n umennuɣ akked win n ttjara qeddcen i yiwet n lqeṣd: ṭṭfen iberdan n ttjara (Lancel).

Ilkanen ifinisiyen, askan ɣef uɣerman n Ninive — Lwert afinisi
Ilkanen d lbabuṛen ifinisiyen, ttwaxedmen ɣef uɣerman aasiri n Ninive: Qarṭaǧ tweṛt tamusni-agi n lebḥer.

Seg aqeṛn wis 6 uqbel Ɛisa

Tirirem

Tlata n ileqqaḍ n yimeqdafen yettwasersen afella ɣef wayeḏ akked tiɣmart n uẖenneq ɣer tazwara: lbabuṛ aklasiki, ɣer 200 n yergazen deg-s, 170 seg-sen d imeqdafen.

Lancel, Carthage, 1992

Aqeṛn wis 4 uqbel Ɛisa

Takwadrirem

Ukkuẕ n yimeqdafen deg yal aẖric n usɣenjiw, i lbabuṛ yeẕẕayen ugar, ijamden ugar. Plin, yesmekta Aristu, isers asnulfu-ines ɣef Iqarṭaǧiyen.

Plin, Amezruy n tɣawsiwin n ṭṭbiɛa, VII, 207

Lbabuṛ n imenɣan ipunikiyen

Kinkiṛim

Tlul-d di Sarakuza ɣer 399 ddawt Denys Amɣar, tuɣal d lbabuṛ ameqqran n imenɣan mgal Ṛuma: ɣer 300 n yimeqdafen akked 120 n yiɛeskriyen n lebḥer, ɣef leḥsab n Bulib.

Diyudur, XIV, 41-42 · Bulib, I, 26

Asutel n ttjara

Gauloi

Igrikiyen ssawalen-as gaulos i lbabuṛ ajerrurdi n Ifinisiyen: tagant tehlal, tafeluct tamrabaɛt, drus n ssuken. Lbabuṛen-agi n ttjara ssexdamen daɣen lqut d tɣawsiwin i yisutal n umennuɣ.

Hirudut, III, 136

Lkanen imecṭaḥ

Hippoi

Lkanen yesɛan taɣmart yettwajerren d aqeṛru n uyis — syen-d isem-nsen agriki, « iyisan ». Ɣef leḥsab n Strabun, iḥewwasen imecṭaḥ n Gadir sseqdacen-ten akken ad ṣeggḍen ɣef rrif n Muṛiṭanya, armi d asif n Lixus.

Strabun, Tasnigrafit, II, 3, 4

Tirzigin n unadi

Tirzigin tiɣezfanin

Gibraltar

Seg tazwara, asutel apunik iḥares iberdan n ttjara, iḥerz lbaḏna-nsen: aḥares n tbuɣezt yebɣa-d amdal n Agaraw Aṭlanti zdat yimnafeqen igrikiyen, iFukaɛiyen ɣer tazwara.

Hanun

Asutel iṛuḥ ad iḍfeṛ rrif n Agaraw Aṭlanti n Tafrikt. Kra ssersen-t armi d tagna n Gine, wiyaḏ drus aṭas: tanzagt n tirzi mazal-itt d tiɣmist. Taqsiṭ tagrikit ad tili d tasuqilt n tira tapunikt yettwaskanen deg umqam (Hours-Miédan).

Himilkun

Ɣer ugafa, seld Gadir, ɣef webrid n lqesdir n tegzirin n Kasiteridis, ɣer tama n tegzirin tabritanit (Plin, Avyenus).

Ɣer 600 uqbel Ɛisa

Hirudut yeqqar-d dakken imsebrayen ifinisiyen i gxeddmen i ufarɛun Nikaw wis snat ad ilin ɛeddan akk Tafrikt deg tlata iseggasen: tamusni n ttrisekt i teweṛt Qarṭaǧ (Hirudut, IV, 42).

Hanun Bu Lebḥer →

Tamsirt taqdimt

Tegzirt yettwagdalen

Ɣer lebɛid seld Tigejda n Hercule, Iqarṭaǧiyen ad ilin ufan tagzirt ur nesɛi imezdaɣ, teccur d isekla, texdaɛ, izegren-tt isaffen i gezmer ad ten-zegren lbabuṛen. Aṭas i tt-isɛeddan, kra sersen iman-nsen din. S lxuf belli ad tt-tessaweḏ i yibeṛṛaniyen, ad tṛuḥ i temdint, imeqqranen gdlen abrid ɣer-s ddawt uɣelluy n tmettant, ssaḥun wid i deg zedɣen, akken yiwen ur d-yemmeslay fell-as. Taqsiṭ ur nettwabeṭṭu ara, tesmekta ɣer tazwara aẖatar n ttrisekt n imsebrayen ipunikiyen.

Aɣbalu: De mirabilibus auscultationibus, 84 — tabdart yettwaselsen s diri ɣer Aristu

Asɣan d unabaḏ

Anwa i gennabaḏen?

Iqayden

I d-ilulen seg twacult timeqqranin, ttwafernen sɣur tejmaɛt n uɣref ɣef leḥsab n Diyudur (XXV, 8). Aẖatar aɛeskri ur yettwassen ara mliḥ; isem n unmhal ad yili d win n tpunikt rab.

Lɛiqab

Temdint ur tsemmeḥ ara i uxsaṛan: idrisen bedren aṭas n yiqayden yettwaẕẕayen ttwasemmṣen neɣ ttwanɣan (Dridi).

Tanfalit ilaq ad tettwaxemmem

Seg zzman aqdim, axsaṛan n Qarṭaǧ yettwasers ɣef iɛeskriyen-is uqeṛḍasen d lexsas n ṭṭbiɛa n yinamuren-is. D anecṭaḥ ad teṭṭuḏ belli asutel n umennuɣ yettban ɣef yinamuren, akked belli aɣref meṛṛa yennuɣ deg imenɣan ineggura.

Taẖemmemt

I umusnaw n umezruy Khaled Melliti, aẖric iqjin n yiɛeskriyen uḍaren yella assaɣen d Ilibiyen n daxel, syen Iberiyen n Ispanya tabarkit, ttkemmlen-t tudrin tifinisiyin n Tafrikt am Utika neɣ Hadrumet: nhaden iɛeskriyen uqeṛḍasen ur neqqar ara akked yisegmanen imaynuten.

Leslaḥ

Tuɣawsiwin d tirebbuɛin

Inamuren

Iɛeskriyen uḍaren ddan s rremḥ d tsmi (Dridi).

Ilibiyen

Tirebbuɛin fessusit: ijennwiyen, isekkinen d yiglaɣelɣal n weglim.

Iberiyen

Aglaɣelɣal d falcata, tasmi tawezlant yesɛan nnab yextawan.

Falanj

Iɛeskriyen uḍaren iẖeṣnen yettwasersen s wudem amaqduni; ur nessin ara ma tella tesɣunt tiɣezfant, sarisa, yettwaseqdac deg-s.

Tikeṛṛusin

Ahat tweṛtent-d seg lɛada talibikt taqburt.

Ilfan

Drus-iten, ttwasɣen taẖiṛt, ahat seld umennuɣ n Pirrus di Italya. Ahat d taddart tamecṭuḥt n lfil n lɣaba n Tafrikt (tiktit n Philippe Leveau); kra n bab lfil ad ilin d Ihendiyen.

Tirrategin d tẖerkiyin

Tirrategin s telqey →

Lwert amaqduni

Falanj d lkambat

Qarṭaǧ teẖdem seg umaḏal agriki d umaqduni asekles n falanj, aserwes n uɛesskar deg tanekra akked usegmi n lkambat (Dridi).

Isnulfuyen n Hanibal

Aɛesskar ɣef wuyis d uẕẕi

Aɛesskar ɣef wuyis yuɣal d leslaḥ ifran; acengu yettuẕẕa di Kannas (216); tuffra n ugelmam n Trasimen (217) tɛawan ɣef lexsas n uṭṭun.

Taẓuri n uhuzi

Tiɣmert n uhuzi, ilkebcan, balistat akked tqattafin: deg 409, aɛesskar n Hanibal Amagoni yeṭṭef Sélinonte s tɣemrin ɛlayen yettmussunen akked ilkebcan (Diyudur, XIII, 54).

Amennuɣ n lebḥer aqdim

Aẖenneq, aẖerreq, aẖaṣer

Aẖenneq

Ad tseɣreq lbabuṛ n ucengu s uẖenneq-is seg idis neɣ seg deffir: kullec yebna ɣef ttaẓ d usmɣer n yimeqdafen.

Diekplous

Ikeččem deg tagra n uẕaṛaṛ n ucengu, sakin yezzi akken ad yeẖnneq lbabuṛen seg deffir.

Périplous

Yeẖaṣer afus n ucengu akken ad t-yeṭṭef seg idis — d wayen i gesnan azal n uẕaṛaṛ ɣezzifen ugar n win n ucengu.

260 · Mila

Akken ad tensi tamusni tapunikt, Ṛuma tesnulfa « aɣerbib », aɣaraf n uẖdaɛ i gbeddlen amennuɣ n lebḥer ɣer umennuɣ n yiɛeskriyen uḍaren: lfer amezwaru n Ṛuma deg lebḥer.

249 · Drepane

Anmhal n lebḥer Adherbal, s lbabuṛen irurad ugar d yiẖricen ifaẓen, yeẕẕi asutel aṛumi ɣer webrid n lebḥer, yeṭṭef 93 n lbabuṛen: lfer ameqqran n Qarṭaǧ deg lebḥer deg umennuɣ-agi (Bulib, I, 49-51).

Lwert aɛeskri

Leslaḥ yemsedduklen

Yal aɣref deg wemkan-is

Iɛeskriyen Inumidiyen ɣef wuyis i ṭṭhur, imcetliyen n Baliyar i uẖellel, Ilibiyen d Iberiyen i tɣelt: Hanibal yerra asemyed-agi d laslaḥ n tirrategt.

Kannas

Lemtel n uẕẕi

Aẕẕi n snat n tɣelfin n 216 yettwaẓar deg tesdawiyin n uɛesskar armi d zzman-agi; Schlieffen yerra-t d ul n tsertit-ines.

Laman

Sḏis mraw iseggasen war tuccḍa

Ɣef leḥsab n Bulib, aɛesskar n Hanibal n waṭas n yigduden werǧin iskker deg sḏis mraw iseggasen n umennuɣ di Italya, ɣas akken tezger-it ṣṣɛuba.

Tanekra n Hanibal · 219–202

Wali tanekra ɣef tkarṭa s umussu

Pour aller plus loin

Sources de cette page

14 références

Sources antiques

Bulib, ImezruyenI, 26 ; I, 49–51 — ikinkiṛimen, Drepane, uṭṭun n uɛesskar n Hanibal, ilfan n Zama
Diyudur n Sqilliya, Tamkeddant n umezruyXIII, 54 ; XIV, 41–42 ; XXV, 8 — Tarbaɛt tamqeddest, ahuzi n Sélinonte, kinkiṛim, afran n yiqayden
Appyan, Libika — 220 n yimukan n ldgar dayrawi
Strabun, TasnigrafitII, 3, 4 — imcetliyen n Baliyar, hippoi n Gadir
Plin Amɣar, Amezruy n tɣawsiwin n ṭṭbiɛaVII, 207 — takwadrirem ; tirzi n Himilkun
Hirudut, ImezruyenIII, 136 ; IV, 42 — gauloi ; tizrigt tazegrart n Tafrikt
Avyenus, Ora maritima — tirzi n Himilkun
Aristu n diri, De mirabilibus auscultationibus84 — tegzirt yettwagdalen

Travaux modernes

Serge Lancel, Carthage, Fayard, 1992
Hédi Dridi, Carthage et le monde punique, Les Belles Lettres, 2006
Khaled Melliti, Carthage, Perrin, 2023
Madeleine Hours-Miédan, Carthage, PUF, 1982 — ɣef Tirzi n Hanun
Philippe Leveau — yettwabder deg usebter (tiktit ɣef taddart n ilfan)
Wikipedia, Carthage ; Civilisation carthaginoise — CC BY-SA 4.0, agbur yettwajerren

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