Asers n Qarṭaǧ
Talalit n tezmert tageraɣlant deg Lebḥer Ageraɣlan : tagellidt i d-yerwel, aglim n uzger, tiɣilt zdat lebḥer.
Aseggas n users akken i d-tettwali tmacahut (send Ɛisa)
Imezdaɣ di zzman-ines ameqqran akken i d-yeqqar Strabon — amḍan ahat yettwaǧɛel
n lesswar, akken i d-qqaren yimeskaren iqdimen
ibabura n umenɣi ițwaḥeznen deg lebḥer uzir
iḥedrayen n ixxamen ɣef idurar n Byrsa, akken i d-yeqqar Appien
ilfan ițwasersen deg lesswar
Elisa, tagellidt n Ṣur
Didun (Elisa) d tagellidt tafiniqit n Ṣur, deg Lubnan n wassa. Gma-s Pygmalion, agellid n Ṣur, yenɣa argaz-is Acherbas — ameqqran n ikahinen n Melqart, Hercule n Ṣur — iwakken ad yeṭṭef ayla-s. Ṣuref n wergaz-is yexxeṛ-as-d deg wargu.
Trewl s lebḥer akked tarbaɛt n imdukkal-is akked ssɛaya n Acherbas. Deg usteɛfu di Chypre, 80 n tullas dukklent-d akked tikli ; tewweḍ ɣer rrif n Tunisia n wassa azal n 814 send Ɛisa.
Dinna, temsefham akked ugellid alibiki (amaziɣ) Iarbas iwakken ad tesɛu tamurt : azal n wayen i yezmer aglim n uzger ad t-iɣumm — ssuter ibanen d amecṭuḥ. Akken i d-tettwali tmacahut, mi tettwaḥṛes ad tezweǧ Iarbas, textar ad tegger iman-is deg times.
Taqsist-agi tekka-d seg yimeskaren igrikiyen d ilatiniyen — Timée, Justin (agzul n Trogue Pompée), Virgile. Amagar akked Enya d asnulfu n ccɛeṛ n Énéide : izmaz ur mṣadan ara.
Amezruy yura-t umerbaḥ →Tiḥerci n uglim n uzger
Amek i tesres Didun Qarṭaǧ s tḥerci.
Ssuter
Didun tessuter i Iarbas tamurt azal n uglim n uzger. Agellid, yettḥessi ssuter d amecṭuḥ, yeqbel.
Tiḥerci
Tgezzem aglim d izirigen imeẓyanen aṭas, iban-d am wehriz n uglim iɣezfen aṭas.
Asers
S izirigen-agi, tezzi s tiɣilt n Byrsa akk — seg wawal agrikan « byrsa », aglim. Dinna i tesres Qart-Ḥadašt, « Tamdint tamaynut ».
Timɣuṛt
Seg tiɣilt-agi, Qarṭaǧ tuɣal d yiwet seg timdinin timeqqranin n ddunit taqdimt, akked lebḥer n umenɣi n 220 n lbabura.
Ayen i d-sbeggnen ikecfan
Qart-Ḥadašt, « Tamdint tamaynut »
Deg tefiniqit, qart yebɣa ad yini « tamdint » d hadasht « tamaynut » : Ṣur tamaynut deg Afrika. Igrikiyen gren-as-d Karchēdōn, Iṛumaniyen Carthago — isem-agi yedder ass-a di Tunisia. Carthagène, di Spanya, tesɛa isem-nni n Qart-Ḥadašt.
Uqbel Qarṭaǧ : azeṭṭa afiniqi n ugmur
I Ifiniqiyen, Tafrikt n ugafa tella d asteɛfu kan ɣef webrid n lemɛadin n Spanya. Qarṭaǧ tedda ɣer uzeṭṭa yellan yakan send-as.
Utique
I Pline Amɣar (Amezruy n tɣawsiwin, XVI, 216), asers afiniqi amezwaru n Tafrikt, qrib krad iqrunen uqbel Qarṭaǧ. D azemz n tmacahut : idlal iqdimen akteṛ i d-yettwafen ṛẓinen aṭas.
Lixus
Agaraw n Gibraltar ɣer ṭṭeṛf, qrib Larache n wassa. Pline (XIX, 63) yeḥseb-itt seg tnazduɣin tifiniqiyin iqdimen akteṛ ; ad tekcem imbeɛd ddaw n Qarṭaǧ.
Gadès (Gadir)
Cadix n wassa, ɣef tegzirt. Velleius Paterculus (I, 2, 3) yesres asers-is sɣur Iṣuriyen drus mbeɛd umenɣi n Tṛuya. Teldi tawwurt ɣer nnuqra d uqeṭṭun n tegzirt n Spanya.
Tadukkli axir n wugur
Mi tenger Ṣur, Qarṭaǧ teṭṭef azwel n tmezduɣin tifiniqiyin n ugmur, tṭṭef lḥerz amagnu d tsertit n berra. Sabatino Moscati yettwali deg talɣa-agi tarmid d yiwet seg ssababat n uɣelli-ines aneggaru.
Tamurt yezdeɣen yakan
Ifiniqiyen ur ddin ara ɣer tmurt tilmi. Tafrikt n ugafa tezdeɣ-itt Ilibikiyen, i d-semman tira timiṣriyen Lebou send tagara n uglay wis sin send Ɛisa. I Gabriel Camps, d imezwura n Imaziɣen ; ur ggin ara d agdud yedduklen, d tagrumma n yidrubiyen.
Lqerra tettwamsefham. Deg tmacahut, Elisa tesɛu tamurt-is sɣur ugellid alibiki Iarbas ; akken i d-yeqqar Justin (XVIII, 5), Qarṭaǧ imbeɛd tefka i Yifrikiyen ssuma n useggas ɣef lqaɛa n temdint. Ur d-tettwaserreḥ ara armi d lqern wis 5 send Ɛisa, mi Imagoniden ṭṭfen akal s leslaḥ.
Lḥala tbeddel : Ilibikiyen n tudrin uɣalen d iɛessasen yettwaḥettmen ɣef lxraj aẓayan, s yirden abeda (Polybe, I, 71-72). Tikkriwin-nsen ldint seg amezruy n temdint, armi d umennuɣ n Iɛeskriyen Uqeṛḍasen (241–238).
Aṭas ɣilen belli aɣelli n Himère (480) i yeǧǧan Qarṭaǧ ad teḍfeṛ ɣer Tafrikt (Decret). Imesnezruyen-nniḍen ttwalin deg-s amɣiwan bessif, ilaq i ulɣem n yimezdaɣ yettnernin.
Imsagaren n zzwaǧ ger imeqqranen ipuniyen akked twaculin n yigelliden ifrikiyen d tigi i yezzayen — Hamilkar Barka yegalla yelli-s i ugellid anumidi Naravas (Polybe, I, 78) — war ma tsenfara tagelda taqarṭaǧit asegmi-ines afiniqi.
Ifiniqiyen n Tafrikt
Seg usemdiweg n imaẓlaḥ akked Ilibikiyen, telalem-d agdud i d-semman Igrikiyen « Ilibifiniqiyen ». Imeskaren iqdimen ur mṣadan ara ɣef lḥala-nsen neɣ ɣef tmurt-nsen, ahat ɣer usemmus n Qarṭaǧ. Ɛawanen d imzegrar ger idles apuni akked ddunit tamaziɣt.
Amḍiq ilhan, tamdint yettwaxeddmen
Tamdint n waṭas n igdawen
Imaẓlaḥ ifiniqiyen, Ilibikiyen, Igrikiyen, Iberiyen akked yimdanen i d-yekkan seg umaḏal apunik akk, msenɣaren deg Qarṭaǧ, zzwaǧat gar igdawen ddukklen aṭas.
Seg wussan imezwura n uɣerbaz, tasenfarrut tessken-d tagrawin yemsedwayen : seg usemdiweg-agi i d-telul tgemmi tanaẓurt.
Tamdint n Qarṭaǧ
Tamdint tazwarant deg zzman-ines.
Ixxamen s iḥedrayen
Akken i d-yeqqar Appien, krad n iberdan ttɛummun-ten ixxamen n sețța iḥedrayen alin-d seg Agora ɣer Byrsa. Ikecfan ufan-d iberdan yettwaxeddmen, lǥab, izirigen akked lḥufuṛ i waman iqebḥen, akked ixxamen i sɛan amḍiq n waman.
Lebḥura snat
Lebḥer n ttjara uslig akked lebḥer n umenɣi uzir, Cothon, yezmer ad iḥerz 220 n lbabura n umenɣi deg tkalin yemsedwayen.
Lǥwameɛ d tofet
Lǥameɛ n Eshmoun yeɣreḍ tiɣilt n Byrsa. Qrib lebḥura, tofet n Salammbô, amḍiq iqeddsen ɣer igenni yettwaselken i Baal Hammon d Tanit, yefka-d agar n ṣṣawat.
Iyilluten n Qarṭaǧ →Lesnaɛa d lẓeɛfran
Lxiwanat n lfexxaṛ, n ddjaǧ akked ddheb/nnuqra. Aheggi n lẓeɛfran n Ṣur, i d-ițwaxdemen seg ṣṣedfa n lebḥer, murex.
Tadamsa →Taɛawant n waman
Imi ulac aɣbalu yellan aṭas, yal axxam yețțekmel aman n ugeffur deg lǥab. Ɣer tama n temdint, tafellaḥt s wasway yesɛan tamusni tsseɣ temdint. Aqeddu ameqqran n Zaghouan, netta, d aṛumani.
Tafellaḥt →Lesswar tiwessaren
Azal n 34 km n lesswar. Ɣer tama n webrid aẓayan, krad tyirza n lesswar n 13 m talqeɣ d 9 m turart ḥeznen tiɣerman i 300 n ilfan d 4000 n iyisan, akked lkazirnat i 20 000 n iɛeskriyen n uḍar d 4000 n yineggafen.
Aɛesskar →
Lebḥer n Qarṭaǧ
Lebḥer snat, win umenɣi d win ttjara, i d-yeḥka Appien yufan-t yikecfan ɣer usemmus n temdint.
Lebḥer n ttjara
Uslig, yeldi ɣer lebḥer s tewwurt n 70 n iḍaren, i yettwamdalen s snasel n uzzal.
Lebḥer n umenɣi
Azir, yeldi kan seg lebḥer n ttjara. Sin n lḥiḍan sentren-t seg wallen : imsezzenzen ur zmiren ara ad walin arzen n leslaḥ.
Tigzirt n unemhal
Deg wammas, tigzirt tecbiḥ anemhal ameqqran n lebḥer, sɣur-s ițɛesses lebḥer, yessken ticarin.
Tkalin n lbabura
Lǥab yettwaɣummen, yemfaṛaqen s tgejdal tigrikiyen, yal yiwet tḥerz lbabur n umenɣi.
Lesnaɛa tapunit
Ifecka d tɣawsiwin i d-ițbegginen tamusni taqarṭaǧit.
Ikufan n zzit
Lǥab fessusen s snat n timit, sserɣen-ten deg ixxamen, lǥwameɛ akked yimḍalen.
Ikufan imeqqranen
Ccṛab, zzit n uzemmur, aslem iqqesen : ikufan ipuniyen țțafen-ten deg Lebḥer Ageraɣlan akk.
Idrimen
Ittwagen seg tagara n lqern wis 5, ɣefsen aɣyul, tazdayt neɣ udem n tyillut.
Leslaḥ d ifecka
Iḥeddaden akked yimgezmen n ṣṣfeṛ xeddmen leslaḥ, tasekkurt n uɣanim, imgezmen n yigezmaren n yedɣaɣen akked ifecka n tfellaḥt.
Idlisen d tamusni
Agemmay afiniqi n 22 n isekkilen yesseqdac deg lmelfaten d yidlisen. Adlis n tfellaḥt n Magun yettwasuɣel ɣer tlatinit s lameṛ n Ssenaṭ aṛumani.
Magun ameǥeri →Izran
Agar n izran yettwagzmen n tofet, s waṭas ucaraf n Tanit, ttbeggnen taẓuri n yimgezmen n yedɣaɣen.
Qarṭaǧ akked tnazduɣin-ines timezwura
Takarṭa tameqqrant →Tilisa iqerrben ɣef leḥsab n tezrawin n umezruy (timnaḏin n tiɣawla, mačči d tilisa n wass-agi). Agrudem n tkarṭa: Natural Earth. Imukan iqdimen: isental yettwassnen.
Lxrab n Qarṭaǧ ass-a
Byrsa
Ul n temdint tasersayt, yeṭṭef ass-a Asinag agraɣlan n Qarṭaǧ.
Agraw apuni
Ixxamen, iberdan d lǥab ipuniyen țwaḥerzen ddaw n yidlal iṛumaniyen.
Lebḥer azir
Tigzirt n unemhal mazal-itt tban deg wammas n ilem.
Lḥamamat n Antonin
Qarṭaǧ taṛumanit, yettwasersen daɣen deg umḍiq-nni, ɣer rrif n ugaraw.
Pour aller plus loinSources de cette page
14 références
Sources antiques
- Polybe, ImezruyenI, 71–72 ; I, 78 — lxraj n Ilibikiyen, Naravas ; Ilibifiniqiyen
- Diodore n Sicile, Axxam n yidlisen n umezruyXX, 55, 4 — Ilibifiniqiyen
- Strabon, TasnigzawtXVII, 3, 19 — imezdaɣ d wemḍiq n Qarṭaǧ, Ilibifiniqiyen
- Pline Amɣar, Amezruy n tɣawsiwinV, 24 ; XVI, 216 ; XIX, 63 — Utique, Lixus, Byzacium
- Appien, LibycaI, 1 — asers ; lesswar, lebḥura d ixxamen n Byrsa
- Justin, Agzul n Imezruyen Ifilibiyen n Trogue PompéeXVIII, 5 ; XIX, 1–2 — tamacahut n Elisa, ssuma yettwafken i Yifrikiyen
- Virgile, Énéide — amagar n Didun d Enya, asnulfu n ccɛeṛ
Travaux modernes
- Pierre Cintas, Manuel d'archéologie punique, 1970–1976 — tiktit n users s snat tegnatin
- Sabatino Moscati, L'épopée des Phéniciens, 1971
- Gabriel Camps — yettwabder deg usebter (Ilibikiyen, imezwura n Imaziɣen)
- François Decret, Carthage ou l'empire de la mer, 1977
- M'hamed Hassine Fantar, Carthage, approche d'une civilisation, 1993
- Friedrich Rakob — yettwabder deg usebter (ikecfan iwermaniyen n ugraw n Magun)
- Wikipédia, Carthage ; Civilisation carthaginoise — CC BY-SA 4.0, agbur yettwasegmi