37 n ilfan mgal idurar n Alpes
Asif ameqqran, iɣilifen yeččuṛen d udfel, tuddar yesɛan ccḥen: axeddim ameqqran n tezrewt ur numid di zzman aqdim.
n ikilumitren seg Qarṭaǧant
n ilfan deg tazwara
n tikli
deg idurar n Alpes
n ulqey ɣef uɣilif, akken i gettwafren uɣilif
amezdaɣ amgellu yettwassnen: Surus
Ayen ur numid yuɣal d tidet
Deg umwan n 218 uqbel Ɛisa, Hanibal Barka ixdem ayen Iṛumaniyen ḥesben d awezɣi: azger n idurar n Alpes s uɛesskar ummid akked ilfan-is n umennuɣ, akken ad yezger Italya seg ugafa. Tikli-agi n ugar n 1 600 n ikilumitren seg Qarṭaǧant teqqim d yiwen seg yimahilen n tezrewt d umennuɣ ibaṛazen aṭas deg umezruy.
Sseɣlin-asen belli d akal
Akken i d-yenna Bulib, iselmaden n lbenyan bnan tiɣelfin timeqqranin ɣummen s wakal, akken ilfan ad ḥesben ttazalen ɣef uglim. Mi ten-ssekcamen s uẕrar, kra fell-asent xuṣṣent ɣlint ɣer waman — maca akk fkant seld-as.
Ɣer webrid nniḍen, Igaliyen sṭeren abrid. Hanibal yuzen deg yiḏ Hanun, mmi-s n Bomilqar, akken ad yezger asif ɣer tazwara; mi d-yessken-d anzuy n usiḥ, aɛesskar yezger deg tɣelfin skud Hanun yeṭṭef Igaliyen seg deffir.
Lfil n Ugafa n Tafrikt
Tirbaɛt tura temmut, meẕẕiyet ɣef lfil n lexla: ɣer 2,5 n yimitren ɣef taɣmart. Nettwali-t ɣef icikalen n Ibarkiyen.
Times d lxell
Ɣef leḥsab n Titus Livyus, aẓru yeɣli isṭer anzal; iɛeskriyen sseẖman aẓru s tmes sakin fesren-t s uskiḏew n lxell fell-as.
Anwa uɣilif?
Traversette, Mont-Cenis, Clapier, Petit-Saint-Bernard… Amtawi mazal-it yeldi; tisnalsas n wakal n tmeẕẕuɣin akka melmi ɣilent tikkelt-nniḍen ɣer Traversette.
Abrid, asuref s asuref
Seg Qarṭaǧant ɣer uzaɣaṛ n Pu — ɣef leḥsab n Bulib d Titus Livyus
- Tafsut 218
Qarṭaǧant
Hanibal yeffeg seg Qart Ḥadasht s uɛesskar meqqer aṭas. Yeǧǧa gma-s Hasdrubal ad iḥader Ispanya.
90 000 iɛeskriyen uḍaren12 000 ɣef wuyis37 n ilfan - Unebdu 218
Pirene
Yesnuzget neɣ ileqqeb akked tuddar, yeǧǧa Hanun ad iḥadeṛ tamnaḏt s 11 000 n yergazen, yerra 11 000 n Iberiyen ɣer taddart-nsen axir ma ad yesḥess ɣef iɛeskriyen ur neqbil ara.
50 000 iɛeskriyen uḍaren9 000 ɣef wuyis - Tagara n unebdu 218
Ṛun
Tiɣelfin timeqqranin ɣummen s wakal i ilfan; aṭhur n uɛesskar izegren ɣer tazwara, ihudd Igaliyen seg deffir.
37 n ilfan zegren - Tubeṛ 218
Alqey
9 wussan armi ɣer ugmuḍ: tuffriwin n tuddar n Alpes, aẓru yeɣli, iberdan iḥeṛcen d lǧamed amecṭaḥ. Ilfan ẖeṣren deg wakal iqeṛḥen.
- Tubeṛ 218
Aɣilif
Ɣer ugmuḍ, iskan i yiɛeskriyen-is ɛeyyun uzaɣaṛ n Pu, isseḥya ṭṭbiɛa-nsen. Asaruẓ, ɣef iberdan iǧmaden, yettuɣal d ahaḍaṛ ugar ɣef ulqey.
- Amwan 218
Italya
Seld 15 n wussan deg idurar n Alpes, aɛesskar yewweḍ ɣer uzaɣaṛ n Pu. Axsaṛan d ameqqran, maca Ṛuma tettwaḥsel: Italya tettwaxṣer s wakal.
26 000 n wid i yettɣiman> 50 % n uxsaṛan seg Pirene
Abrid ɣef tkarṭa
Ḏfeṛ tanekra n Hanibal seg Qarṭaǧant ɣer uzaɣaṛ n Pu, sakin ɣer Kannas d Zama.
Tilisa iqerrben ɣef leḥsab n tezrawin n umezruy (timnaḏin n tiɣawla, mačči d tilisa n wass-agi). Agrudem n tkarṭa: Natural Earth. Imukan iqdimen: isental yettwassnen.
Ilfan n umennuɣ
Laslaḥ n uẖuf n Qarṭaǧ
Lfil yemmuten
Ahat d lfil n Ugafa n Tafrikt, tirbaɛt temmut (tettusemma tikwal Loxodonta africana pharaonensis), meẕẕiyet ɣef lfil n lexla: ɣer 2,5 n yimitren ɣef taɣmart. Addad-is ur yettwafran ara s ṣṣeḥ. Qarṭaǧ tezmer tesɛa daɣen kra n ilfan n Asya, i d-yusan seg Maṣer neɣ Suriya.
Ssuḏen send ad wten
Ilfan llant ɣer tazwara d laslaḥ n uẖuf: tawessart-nsent tesseṭṭaḥ iɛeskriyen uḍaren tesseḥzen iyisan ur numin ara aked-sent. Yal yiwen yettwanhad sɣur bu lfil. Tigejda n yimcetliyen, yellan mliḥ ɣer ilfan n Lhend n yigelliden ihilinistiyen, qqiment d askik ɣer win n Qarṭaǧ, imeẕẕiyen ugar.
Surus
Katun Amɣar, yettwabedren sɣur Plin, yeḥfeḏ isem n lfil win yesɛan ugar n taẓɣelt deg uɛesskar apunik: Surus, « Asiri », win yesɛan ala yiwen n uɣsan n uẖenneq. Ɣef leḥsab n Titus Livyus, Hanibal yezger igelman n Arnu deg tefsut n 217, yuli ɣef lfil aneggaru i yettɣiman — tikwal yettwaqeṛṛeb ɣer Surus.
Yettɣima zdat idurar n Alpes, mačči zdat tegrest
Ugar n ilfan deg 37 ttɣiment seld tizrigt, ttnaɣent di Trebya, deg duǧembeṛ 218. Maca adfel, agefur d ssmerd n tegrest-agi sseẖsaren-tent: ɣef leḥsab n Bulib, yiwet kan i d-yeqqimen. Deg 215, Bomilqar issers-d 40 n ilfan d talɣayt di Lukri; di Zama, deg 202, Hanibal yeseglem 80.
Ticmeɛt n zzman aqdim
Idrimen iqarṭaǧiyen, akked wid i ssnulfan Ibarkiyen di Ispanya, skanen aṭas n ilfan. Tugna n Hanibal akked ilfan-is i yezegren idurar n Alpes tuɣal d yiwet seg ticmaɛ ibaṛazen aṭas n zzman aqdim, yettwaxeddem sɣur Goya, Turner d waṭas nniḍen.
Lfer deg Italya
Tineɣmasin n Hanibal s yiskanen
Trebya, Trasimen, Kannas asuref s asuref akked Zama: tazrawt n tɣawsiwin i yesnefrent amezruy.
Askanen
Pour aller plus loinSources de cette page
5 références
Sources antiques
- Bulib, ImezruyenIII — Ṛun, idurar n Alpes, yiwet n lfil i yeqqimen deg tegrest n 218
- Titus Livyus, Amezruy aṛumiXXI–XXIII — times d lxell, igelman n Arnu
- Plin Amɣar, Amezruy n tɣawsiwin n ṭṭbiɛaVIII — lfil Surus
- Katun Amɣar, Tizwar — yettwabedren sɣur Plin ; axeddim yeruḥ
Travaux modernes
- Yann Le Bohec, Histoire militaire des guerres puniques, 2003 — tɣuri tanurfut (tebdart n idlisen n usmel)
I tɣuri daɣen
Hanibal Barka
Seg Qarṭaǧant ɣer Zama, tudert n unmhal i gesseẖzen Ṛuma.
Imenɣan ipunikiyen
Tlata n imenɣan, aqeṛn n umennuɣ ɣef Agaraw Alemmas.
Aɛesskar n Qarṭaǧ
Tarbaɛt tamqeddest, Ilibiyen, Inumidiyen, imcetliyen d ilfan.
Qarṭaǧ d Agaraw Alemmas
Tamura, tanekra n Hanibal, tirzigin d imɛawanen.