Qarṭaǧ

Traduction en version bêta, en cours de relecture. Lire la version française

Amezruy n tudert · 247–183 send Ɛisa

Hanibal
Barka

Anezwi n Qarṭaǧ

Mmi-s n Hamilkar, yezger Idurar n Alpes akked ilfan-is yeqqim sețța iseggasin di Italya war ma yexsar ula d yiwen n umenɣi usrid. Ṛuma ur t-tettu ara.

Tamawt — Ayen akk i nessen ɣef Hanibal yekka-d seg yimeskaren igrikiyen akked iṛumaniyen, uran seg tama n umerbaḥ. Nbeddeṛ-iten nɣer-iten s telqey.

Tugna i yettwaḥesben d tin n Hanibal
Tugna i yettwaḥesben d tin n Hanibal — Asinag asenfarrutan n Naples
16

n iseggasen n teklal di Italya (218–203), akken i ten-ḥesben Imezwura

0

n uɣelli deg umenɣi usrid di Italya

~70 000

n Iṛumaniyen ttwanɣan di Cannes akken i d-yeqqar Polybe (48 200 akken i d-yeqqar Tite-Live)

37

n ilfan deg tazwart seg Hispanya, deg 218

Benjamin West — Limin n Hanibal
Benjamin West — Hanibal d aqcic yegallan lkeṛh i Ṛuma (1770)
237 send Ɛisa · Qarṭaǧ

Limin

Uqbel ad yeddu ɣer Hispanya, Hamilkar yefka asfel. Mmi-s, yesɛa ṭsaɛ iseggasen, yessuter-as a t-yawi ; baba-s yeqbel, s yiwet n tewtilt : afus ɣef umnar, aqcic yegall ur ad yili d amddakel n Iṛumaniyen. Hanibal s yiman-is i d-yeḥka tadyant-agi, iseggasen mbeɛd, i ugellid Antiochos III.

« Mi iga lwaqt, ad yili d aɛdaw n wugdud aṛumani. »

Tite-Live, XXI, 1 — wali daɣen Polybe, III, 11
Tasuddemt n tedyanin

Tudert deg izemzan

247Talalit di Qarṭaǧ. Baba-s Hamilkar Barka yezgi deg wussan-nni di Sicile, deg umenɣi apunik amezwaru.
237Limin, imbeɛd tikli ɣer Hispanya akked baba-s, i d-ibennun dinna tazmert n At Barka.
229/228Tamettant n Hamilkar, yeɣleb deg waman yennuɣ akked Iberiyen. Argaz n yelli-s Hasdrubal Ucbiḥ yeṭṭef lqiyada yesres Carthagène.
221Hasdrubal yettwanɣa. Yettwasawel-as sɣur lɛesker, Hanibal yeṭṭef lqiyada deg 26 iseggasen.
219Aḥeṛṣ d uṭṭef n Sagonte, tamddakelt n Ṛuma, mbeɛd ṭsam wagguren : d tazwart n umenɣi apunik wis sin.
218Tikli seg Carthagène deg tafsut ; Pyrénées, Rhône, imbeɛd tizgart n Idurar n Alpes deg lexrif. Tinyafiyin n Tessin akked Trébie.
217Tuffra n ilel n Trasimène : akunsul Flaminius yettwanɣa.
216Cannes, ass n 2 ɣuct. Capoue akked umur n unzul n Italya ɛeddant ɣer tama n Qarṭaǧ.
211Tikli ɣer Ṛuma iwakken ad yesserreḥ i Capoue yettwaḥeṛṣen : « Hanibal ɣer tewwura ». Ṛuma ur teɣli ara, Capoue tettwaṭṭef sɣur Iṛumaniyen.
207Gma-s Hasdrubal, i d-yusan seg Hispanya s lεawna, yettwanɣa deg Métaure ; aqerru-s yettwagr zdat uɛessas n Hanibal.
203Yettusawel ɣer Tafrikt iwakken ad yeḥares Qarṭaǧ zdat Scipion.
202Aɣelli n Zama. Hanibal s yiman-is yesmenyaf aqbal n talwit.
196Yettwafren d asufet, yesfaḍ idrimen akked tinmahlin n Qarṭaǧ.
195Yettuḥuddu sɣur iɛdawen-is d Ṛuma, yeffeɣ ɣer Antiochos III.
190–184Aɣelli n lebḥer n Eurymédon ; aɣerba deg Crète, di Arménie, imbeɛd di Bithynie ɣer ugellid Prusias.
183Yettwazzi di Libyssa, ɣef rrif n Bithynie, yeswa aẓiḏi ɣef ma yettunefk i Iṛumaniyen.
Ɣer iɣbula

Ayen ur d-tḥekku ara Ṛuma

Tiqsiḥin-nneɣ kkant-d seg Polybe, amdakel n At Scipion, akked Tite-Live, yuran ddaw n Auguste. Sin-nsen ḥemmlen Hanibal, maca Ṛuma teqqim dinna d aneḍmant : Hanibal « d amcum », « d axeddaɛ » — isekkayen i ggren yiɛdawen-is ɣef Yiqarṭaǧiyen meṛṛa.

Sețța iseggasin di Italya s drus n lεawna : tarbaɛt n Hanun Ameqqran, di Qarṭaǧ, tgedl amenɣi, aṭas seg lɛesker i gettwaznen yeddu ɣer Hispanya. Hanibal ilaq ad yesseçç ad yexles aɛesskar-is dinna.

Tamacahut n uɣelli

Hanibal werǧin yexsar amenɣi usrid di Italya. Ṛuma ur t-tenɣelb ara ala mi tegri amenɣi, imbeɛd tawi-d amenɣi ɣer Hispanya akked Tafrikt.

Iɣbula yeruḥen

Imesnezruyen n Hanibal

Sin Igrikiyen ddan akked Hanibal uran-d amezruy-is : Silénos n Calé Acté akked Sosylos n Sparte, i t-yesleɣmen tagrikit. Idlisen-nsen ruḥen ; ur d-yeqqim ara ala talɣa n yimerbaḥ.

Amezruy yura-t umerbaḥ →

Abrid n lqedeṛ

Seg Carthagène ɣer Cannes : ḍfeṛ teklal n Hanibal ɣef tkarṭa s umussu, imbeɛd takarṭa n yimdukkal.

219 uqbel Ɛisa
Asali n tkarṭa…

Tilisa iqerrben ɣef leḥsab n tezrawin n umezruy (timnaḏin n tiɣawla, mačči d tilisa n wass-agi). Agrudem n tkarṭa: Natural Earth. Imukan iqdimen: isental yettwassnen.

Tafsut 218 · Hispanya

Seg Carthagène armi d Èbre

Akken i d-yeqqar Polybe, Hanibal yeddu s azal n 90 000 n yiɛeskriyen n uḍar akked 12 000 n yineggafen. Mbeɛd Idurar n Pyrénées, yeqqim ɣur-s azal n 50 000 n yiɛeskriyen n uḍar, 9000 n yineggafen akked 37 n ilfan.

Turner — Tuffra n udfel : Hanibal akked lɛesker-is yezegren Idurar n Alpes
Lexrif 218 · Idurar n Alpes

Tizgart

Azal n xemsṭaεac n wussan deg udfel, ddaw n lhuǧum n yimezdaɣ n idurar. Yewweḍ ɣer Italya s azal n 20 000 n yiɛeskriyen n uḍar akked 6000 n yineggafen.

218–203 · Italya

Sețța iseggasin deg tmurt n uɛdaw

Yeddukel akked Igaliyen n tferkit n Pô, yers ɣer unzul n tegzirt, yeḥlek krad n lɛesker iṛumaniyen yeṭṭef unzul n Italya armi d 203.

Taẓuri n uhlak

Tirrategin s tugniwin →
John Trumbull — Tamettant n Paul Émile di Cannes
J. Trumbull — Tamettant n Paul Émile di Cannes (1773)
2 ɣuct 216 send Ɛisa · Apulie

Cannes

Ammas agali d uberian yeḥuz s lebɣi deg uwrir ; iɛeskriyen n uḍar ilibikiyen qeflen fell-asen seg tama, ineggafen n Hasdrubal sekkṛen lkamin seg deffir. Azzel s snat n tama-s ițwassnen akteṛ deg umezruy.

~86 000n Iṛumaniyen d yimdukkal-nsen (8 llejyunat)
~50 000n yirgazen deg lɛesker n Hanibal
48 000–70 000n Iṛumaniyen ttwanɣan ; akunsul Paul Émile gar-asen
Wamber 218

Tessin

Amenɣi amezwaru n ineggafen di Italya : ineggafen inumidiyen zegren Iṛumaniyen. Akunsul Publius Scipion yettwaǧreḥ, yettwasellek sɣur mmi-s — win ara yilin d Ufrikan.

Duǧembir 218

Trébie

Hanibal yesselkam llejyunat ɣer wasif igerjjumen ; Magun, yeffer s 2000 n yirgazen, yeffeɣ-d seg deffir-nsen. Azal n 10 000 n Iṛumaniyen kan i yezmiren ad ffɣen.

Ilel n Trasimène
Yunyu 217

Trasimène

Deg usigna, ger idurar d ilel, lɛesker n Flaminius yettwaṭṭef deg tikli n webrid : 15 000 ttwanɣan, azal-nsen d imeḥbas, akunsul yettwanɣa.

Tugniwin s umussu

Wali Cannes, Trébie akked Zama s yiḍes s yiḍes

37 n ilfan · 218

Ilfan akked tizgart n Idurar n Alpes

211 send Ɛisa

Acuɣer Hanibal ur yekcim ara ɣer Ṛuma ?

Mbeɛd Cannes, Ṛuma tḍheṛ-d am akken teqqim deg ifassen-is. Xemsa iseggasen mbeɛd, yezzi ɣer tewwura-ines. Ɣas akken, ula d yiwen uɣbalu aqdim, ula d win agrikan, ur yesseken ara yekcem ɣer temdint. Atan ayen i nessen.

Ɣer tewwura n Ṛuma
Ɣuct 216Mbeɛd Cannes, Maharbal yeḥṛes Hanibal ad yeddu ɣer Ṛuma, azal n 400 km. Hanibal yagi : yebɣa uqbel ad yefrez imdukkal italiyen n Ṛuma.
216 – 211Capoue, Tarente akked umur n Unzul ɛeddan ɣer tama-s. Ṛuma tezzi llejyunat timaynutin tettaɛ lhuǧum : deg 211, teḥreṣ Capoue.
Tafsut 211Iwakken ad yesserreḥ i Capoue, Hanibal yeddu ɣer Ṛuma. Yettusger ɣef wasif n Anio, azal n krad n yimil (4,5 km) seg lesswar.
Zdat tewwurt CollineS 2000 n yineggafen, yeqrib ɣer lesswar iwakken ad ten-iẓer (Tite-Live). Snat llejyunat ițwazzin akka tura llant deg temdint.
Sin wussanAkken i d-yeqqar Tite-Live, lɛesker rsen deg umenɣi sin wussan, sin n tikwal lehwa aqsiḥ yefraq-iten.
TuɣalinṚuma ur teḥbes ara aḥeṛṣ n Capoue : tirrayt terẓa. Hanibal yeddu ɣer unzul, Capoue teɣli drus mbeɛd.
Maharbal i Hanibal, mbeɛd Cannes

« Vincere scis, Hannibal ; victoria uti nescis. »

« Tessnemεed ad tenɣelbeḏ, a Hanibal ; ur tessinemed ara ad tseqdaceḏ tanyafit-ik » (Tite-Live, XXII, 51). Tite-Live yesnerna belli ass-agi n lεuṭel yesselkem Ṛuma. Aṭas n yimesnezruyen imaynuten ttwalin belli Hanibal yesεa ṣṣwab mi ur yeεreḏ ara aḥeṛṣ.

Acuɣer ur yezmir ara ad tt-yeṭṭef
  • Ulac ifecka n uḥeṛṣ : lɛesker-is yella i umenɣi usrid, mačči i uḥeṛṣ n temdint tameqqrant.
  • Lesswar n ugar n 10 km akked wagdud yezmer ad yezzi llejyunat timaynutin.
  • Lɛesker n azal n 40 000 n yirgazen, bεid seg imukan-is, war lεawna tamagnut s lebḥer.
  • Tirrategin-is qesdent imdukkal n Ṛuma, mačči tamdint : yebɣa talwit yettwaḥettmen, mačči lεesreq.
Anezwi yettuḥekkem fell-as

Lḥakem n Cnaeus Fulvius

Kra n tikwal bedren anezwi aṛumani yettuɛeqben « mbeɛd tikli n Hanibal ». D ahat aprétur Cnaeus Fulvius Flaccus, i yenɣelb Hanibal di Herdonea, di Apulie, i yettwaḥekkmen deg 211 : yeffeɣ uqbel lḥakem (Tite-Live, XXVI, 2-3). Yettuḥekkem fell-as ɣef lexsas n lɛesker-is, mačči ɣef uɣelli n Ṛuma. Deg wama, akunsul Varron, yettwanɣelb di Cannes, yettwaḥemmed sɣur Ssenaṭ imi « ur yesεi ara asfaḍ di Tagduda ».

Tilisa n yiɣbula

Taqsist i d-tura Ṛuma

Taqsist-nneɣ tekka-d seg Polybe, amdakel n At Scipion, akked Tite-Live, amesnezruy n lǧah aṛumani ; imesnezruyen n Hanibal, Silénos akked Sosylos, ruḥen. Ilaq ad neɣr iḏrisen-agi s laḥḏer. Maca aṭṭef n Ṛuma yezmer ad yeǧǧ-d ticraf ur yezmir ula d yiwen ad tent-isfeḏ : ikunsulen, Ssenaṭ d lmeǧmaɛ xeddmen war asteεfu deg umenɣi meṛṛa.

Amezruy yura-t umerbaḥ →
Amenɣi n Zama
Cornelis Cort, ɣef Giulio Romano — Amenɣi n Zama
202 send Ɛisa · Tafrikt

Zama : lḥala tbeddel

Ṛuma ur tenɣelb ara Hanibal ala di Tafrikt, mbeɛd ma terra mgal Qarṭaǧ afus-ines ilhan akteṛ : ineggafen inumidiyen.

204–203Scipion yers qrib Utique ; Qarṭaǧ tessawel Hanibal seg Italya.
MasinisaAqcic anumidi, yennuɣ i Qarṭaǧ di Hispanya. Yettwakkes ɣer tama n uɛdaw-is Syphax, amddakel n Qarṭaǧ, yeddu ɣer Ṛuma deg 206 yawi-d ɣer Zama azal n 4000 n yineggafen.
Amenɣi80 n ilfan n Hanibal ttwazegren deg yizirigen i yettwasersen ger tgedwal. Ineggafen iṛumaniyen d yinumidiyen, i d-yuɣalen seg ccḍeε, ṭṭfen iqburiyen n Hanibal seg deffir.
LḥsabAzal n 20 000 n lmut akked azal-nsen d imeḥbas ɣer tama tapunit, akken i d-yeqqar Polybe. Hanibal s yiman-is yeḥṛes Lmeǧlis ad yeqbel talwit.

Mbeɛd Zama : asufet, lɣerba, tamettant

196 send Ɛisa · Qarṭaǧ

Asufet n tiẓyawt

Yettwafren d asufet, Hanibal yessemẓi ɣer yiwen useggas ṭṭaba n yimḥekmen n Tegrawt n Meɛa-ṛebɛa, i yellan uqbel ar lmut, yettaɛ aɣlaḍ n yidrimen uzayez.

Igmaḏ : Qarṭaǧ tezmer ad texles lexlaṣ i Ṛuma war lxerj amaynut. Iɛdawen-is tisertiyin msellen-t i Ṛuma.

195–184 · Ccerq

Lɣerba

Yerwel s Ṣur armi d lǥerima n Antiochos III, i s-yettaɣ ṛṛay mgal Ṛuma. Deg 190, yezgi lebḥer n Séleucides yettwaḥlek sɣur At Rhodes di Eurymédon.

Talwit n Apamée tessuter ad yettunefk : yeɛda ɣer Crète, di Arménie ɣer ugellid Artaxias, imbeɛd di Bithynie, anida yeḥlek lebḥer n Pergame s ma yegger ɣef lbabura-ines ikufan ɛemmṛen s izermaḏ (Cornélius Népos).

183 send Ɛisa · Libyssa

Tamettant

Ṛuma tazen Flamininus ad yessuter anezwi amɣar ; iɛeskriyen n ugellid Prusias zzin axxam-is di Libyssa, qrib Gebze n wassa, di Turkiya.

Hanibal yeswa aẓiḏi i yeḥrez, akken qqaren, deg texxamt n lxatem-is. Yesεa azal n 64 iseggasen.

Sébastien Slodtz — Hanibal yeḥseb lxwatem
Sébastien Slodtz — Hanibal yeḥseb lxwatem n ifariten iṛumaniyen yettwanɣan di Cannes (1704), Louvre. Magun yesnerna ugar n yiwen uqdiḥ deg Lmeǧlis n Qarṭaǧ.
Iɣbula iqdimen

Ayen d-qqaren Imezwura

« Netta d amezwaru ikcem ɣer umenɣi, d aneggaru i d-iffɣen. »

Tite-Live, XXI, 4

« Tessnemεed ad tenɣelbeḏ, a Hanibal ; ur tessinemed ara ad tseqdaceḏ tanyafit. »

Maharbal deg yiḍ n Cannes — Tite-Live, XXII, 51

« Sețța iseggasin, yeḥrez aɛesskar n waṭas n yigdawen war ula d yiwet n tikker mgal-s. »

Polybe, XI, 19

« Sellkeɣ Iṛumaniyen seg usṛaḥu-nsen iɣezzifen, ma yuɣal yeεya ad ṛaǧun tamettant n umɣar. »

Awalen ineggura — Tite-Live, XXXIX, 51

« Ad afeɣ abrid, neɣ ad t-xedmeɣ. »

Yettwasnes i Hanibal zdat Idurar n Alpes (tamacahut tatrart)

Lwert

Goya — Hanibal yenɛem yetturar i Italya seg Idurar n Alpes
Deg taẓwaṛt

Goya, Turner, David

Goya (1771) yeẓwaɣ-it yettwali Italya seg wedrar n Alpes, Turner (1812) deg tuffra n udfel ; deg Bonaparte yezger Agran-Saint-Bernard (1801), David yegzem isem-is ɣef uzru, ddaw n win n Bonaparte.

Deg tesdawiyin n umenɣi

Cannes, lemtel ur nettbeddel

West Point, Sandhurst d tesdawiyin n ddunit meṛṛa ɣer akteṛ ɣren Cannes. Deg tazwart n lqern wis 20, anezwi aleman Schlieffen yegg-it d lemtel n umenɣi n uhlak ikemlen.

Asmenyaf

Napoléon

Napoléon yesres Hanibal gar imenzaway imeqqranen akteṛ n umezruy, ɣer tama n Alexandre akked César, iḥemmel tizgart-is n Idurar n Alpes, i yexdem netta daɣen deg 1800.

← Win i d-iεeddanHamilcar BarcaWin i d-iteddun →Hasdrubal Barka
Pour aller plus loin

Sources de cette page

6 références

Sources antiques

  1. Polybe, ImezruyenIII, 11 ; XI, 19 — tazwart n 218, Cannes, Zama
  2. Tite-Live, Amezruy aṛumaniXXI, 1 ; XXI, 4 ; XXII, 51 ; XXVI, 2–3 ; XXXIX, 51
  3. Cornélius Népos, Tudert n Hanibal — ikufan n izermaḏ mgal lebḥer n Pergame
  4. Silénos n Calé Acté — adlis yeruḥen, yettwabder deg usebter
  5. Sosylos n Sparte — adlis yeruḥen, yettwabder deg usebter

Travaux modernes

  1. Yann Le Bohec, Histoire militaire des guerres puniques, 2003 — tɣuri-nniḍen (tabibliyugrafit n usmel)

Toute la bibliographie →Glossaire →

Ɣer daɣen

264–146 send Ɛisa

Imenɣan ipunikiyen

Krad n yimenɣan, meyya d ɛecrin n iseggasen n umennuɣ ger Qarṭaǧ d Ṛuma.

Ɣer →
Aɛesskar

Aɛesskar n Qarṭaǧ

Ilibikiyen, Inumidiyen, Iberiyen, Igaliyen, imegrragen n Jzayer Baléares : anwa i yennuɣen i Hanibal.

Ɣer →
Takarṭa s umussu

Qarṭaǧ ɣef tkarṭa

Timura, tikli n Hanibal, tirzan akked yimdukkal s umussu.

Ɣer →