Lkamin n yiɛeskriyen n uḍar akked ilfan n umenɣi, aquarelle n Rochegrosse — Amenɣi n Macar (Bagradas), aquarelle n Georges Rochegrosse i tira n Salammbô, azal n 1900 (asinag n taẓwaṛt n Rouen).

Imenɣan ipunikiyen · Tafrikt

241 – 237 send Ɛisa

Amennuɣ n Iɛeskriyen Uqeṛḍasen

Amenɣi « ur yettwasemmeḥ ara » — Qarṭaǧ mgal aɛesskar-is s yiman-is

Mbeɛd aɣelli-ines zdat Ṛuma, Qarṭaǧ ur tezmir ara ad texles iɛeskriyen i yennuɣen fell-as di Sicile. Zzɛaf-nsen, imbeɛd ɛawant-t ifellaḥen ilibikiyen i yeḥṛesen s lxerj, yesserɣ Tafrikt tapunit ugar n krad iseggasen. Polybe yettwali deg-s amenɣi uqsiḥ akteṛ i yessen.

20 000+

n yiɛeskriyen uqeṛḍasen i d-yedduklen di Tunes deg tazwart n tikker

Polybe, I, 67

~70 000

n Ilibikiyen i dduklen akked yimexlafen s ssawal n Mathos

Polybe, I, 73

40 000+

n yixlafen ittwanɣan deg lkamin n Scie, seg azal n 50 000

Polybe, I, 84–85

40 wagguren

n umenɣi : « krad iseggasen d azal n kuẓ wagguren »

Polybe, I, 88

Amenɣi adaxli afrikan

Mi d-yezzi uɛesskar mgal temdint

Qarṭaǧ, tamdint n imsezzenzen idrusen, tenneɣ s iɛeskriyen i d-yekkan seg berra : Iberiyen, Iceltiyen, Iliguriyen, wid n Jzayer Baléares, Igrikiyen « yufraren » akked s telqey Ilibikiyen n tmurt-is s yiman-is. Deg 241, talwit n Lutatius tesmed amenɣi apunik amezwaru ; ilaq ad d-ttwarren yirgazen-agi seg Sicile, ad ttwaxelsen iseggasen n lexlaṣ.

Maca lxezna ilem : amenɣi yehdem tamdint, i yeṭṭfen daɣen 3200 n ttalan i Ṛuma. Asɣaṛ yuɣal d tikerrust, tikerrust tuɣal d amenɣi, amenɣi yuɣal d tikker n Tafrikt meṛṛa mgal taneddawt-is.

Polybe yessawel-as amenɣi « war asteɛfu » (ἄσπονδος), yettwasuɣlen s tefransist « ur yettwasemmeḥ ara » : ulac lemɛahda, ulac aḥnin i yettwaḥerzen dinna. Yessken-d Hamilkar Barka akked twacult-is, yesseɣli Qarṭaǧ Sardaigne.

Iɣbula

Taqsist qrib d tin kan

Polybe — Imezruyen, I, 65–88 : taqsist kan yemdewwiren s telqey, yettwaru lqern mbeɛd seg yiɣbula yeruḥen.
Diodore n Sicile — Axxam n yidlisen n umezruy, adlis XXV : ucerreg, yesnernan ɣef tjeɣriyin.
Appien — Libyca, 5 : asmekti awezɣan, s telqey ɣef tmsalt n Sardaigne.
Cornelius Nepos — Tudert n Hamilkar, 2 : tikker d tanyafit n Hamilkar, deg kra n yisebtar.

Imeskaren-agi akk uran seg tama n yimerbaḥ, iṛumaniyen neɣ igrikiyen. Ur nessin tikker ara ala s telqey sɣur-sen — akked yidrimen i ggen yixlafen s yiman-nsen.

Ssababat

Lexlaṣ ur yettwaxelṣen ara, tuccḍa tasertant akked Tafrikt i yeεyan.

Lilybée, 241

Taḥrazt n Giscon

Anezwi n Lilybée, Giscon yezzi yirgazen n Sicile s tirebbaɛ timeẓyanin, iwakken ad yizmir ad yexles ad yesserreḥ i yal yiwen d amgirdan. Maca Qarṭaǧ, ulac idrimen, teǧǧa-ten ttnernin deg temdint, imbeɛd tazen-ten meṛṛa ɣer Sicca s ifecka-nsen.

Sicca, 241

Tuccḍa n Hanun

Hanun — s telqey Hanun « Ameqqran », anezwi n tarbaɛt n yimaẓlaḥ imeqqranen — yettas ɣer Sicca ad yessuter i yiɛeskriyen ad qeblen asemẓi n lexlaṣ-nsen. Ulac win gar-asen i yettmeslayen yiwet n tutlayt ; aqerdac yegg-ed wayen-nniḍen. Ugar n 20 000 n yirgazen ṭṭfen abrid ɣer Tunes, qrib n Qarṭaǧ.

Tuddar

Zzɛaf n Ilibikiyen

Deg umenɣi mgal Ṛuma, Qarṭaǧ teṭṭef azgen n lmeḥṣul n ifellaḥen ilibikiyen tesnerna sin ikuḍan lxerj n timdinin. Mi Mathos yessawel-asen ɣer tikker, kkren-d akk ; tilawin, akken i d-yeqqar Polybe, fkant lǥawahar-nsent i uxleṣ n umenɣi.

Wid i yettekken

Imenzaway n yixlafen i d-yekkan seg Lebḥer Ageraɣlan akk zdat yimenzaway iɛdawen n Qarṭaǧ.

Ɣer tama n yixlafen

Acampaniyen

Spendios

Akli yerwel seg Iṛumaniyen, yuggad ad yettunefk i imɛellimen-is ma tedder talwit. Yesɛa awal, yesnerna lɛesker ɣer uqeṭṭeɛ. Yettwasellab zdat Tunes.

Alibiki

Mathos

Argaz ilelli, yekcem deg uwexxer amezwaru. Yegg seg tkerrust amenɣi n tlelli talibikit, yuɣal d anezwi iɣezfen akteṛ n tikker. Yettwaṭṭef deg 237.

Agali

Autarite

Anezwi n Iceltiyen, yemmeslay tapunikt, ayen i t-yegg yettwasellen sɣur meṛṛa. Netta, akked Spendios, i d-yefkan lǥuvu i tmettant n Giscon. Yettwaṭṭef deg Scie.

Alibiki

Zarzas

Anezwi n tarbaɛt talibikit, yedda akked Spendios d Autarite deg teklal taneggarut, yella gar wid i yeḥrez Hamilkar deg lkamin n Scie.

Ɣer tama n Qarṭaǧ

Amsefham

Giscon

Anezwi i yesnejman tuɣalin n yiɛeskriyen. Yettwazen ɣer Tunes s idrimen, yettwaṭṭef sɣur yixlafen akked yimdukkal-is, imbeɛd yettwaggerreẕ yettwanɣa.

Anezwi amezwaru

Hanun

Yenɣelb zdat Utique s telqey n ugar n meyya n ilfan, imbeɛd yeǧǧa tacḍit-is ad tettwaṭṭef s lεjeb. Lemɣawla-ines akked Hamilkar tesnefses s telqey lqiyada.

Amsellek

Hamilkar Barka

Ur yettwanɣi ara di Sicile, yettusawel s 10 000 n yirgazen akked 70 n ilfan. Anezwi n Bagradas akked Scie, yeffeɣ seg umenɣi d bab n lɛesker.

Aqcic anumidi

Naravas

Yeddu ɣer tacḍit n Hamilkar s 2000 n yineggafen ; s lemɛawna, Hamilkar yegalla-yas afus n yelli-s, i Polybe ur d-yefka ara isem-is.

Tasuddemt

Imeḥḍaren n umenɣi

241Talwit d lǥerima — Talwit n Lutatius : Qarṭaǧ teffeɣ Sicile, teṭṭef 3200 n ttalan i Ṛuma. Giscon yezzi yiɛeskriyen ɣer Tafrikt.

241Seg Sicca ɣer Tunes — Hanun yessuter asemẓi n lexlaṣ ; ugar n 20 000 n yiɛeskriyen ṭṭfen abrid ɣer Tunes. Qarṭaǧ tenekkar meṛṛa, aṭas lweqt.

241/240Giscon d ameḥbus — Spendios d Mathos sekkṛen lɛesker ; Giscon d yimdukkal-is ttwaṭṭfen. Azal n 70 000 n Ilibikiyen dduklen ɣer tikker.

240Aḥeṛṣ n Utique d Hippou Acra — Ixlafen ḥeṛṣen snat timdinin imdukkal n Qarṭaǧ, sekkṛen tamdint seg Tunes. Hanun yesellek Utique imbeɛd yettuṭṭef s lεjeb.

240Bagradas — Hamilkar yezger asif ɣer tama-ines, s wemkan i d-ibeggen waḏu, yenyaf Spendios : 6000 n yixlafen ttwanɣan, 2000 n yimeḥbas (Polybe, I, 76).

240Naravas — Anumidi yeddu akked Hamilkar ; tanyafit tamaynut : 10 000 ttwanɣan, 4000 n yimeḥbas, i Hamilkar yefka afus-is ad kecmen deg lɛesker-is neɣ ad ṛuḥen ilelli.

~239Aɛnaq n Giscon — Iwakken ur ițeffeg ara wiyaḍ, imenzaway n yixlafen ggren Giscon akked azal n 700 n yimeḥbas ttwaggerreẕen ttwanɣan. Hamilkar yettarra s ma yeg aɣilaf n yimeḥbas ddaw n yiḍaren n ilfan.

~239Utique d Hippou Acra ffɣent — Snat timdinin-agi nɣant tacḍit-nsent, sersent iman-nsent zdat Ṛuma, i tt-yugin. Qarṭaǧ s yiman-is tettwaḥeṛṣ sɣur Mathos d Spendios.

238Lkamin n Scie — Hamilkar yesserɣel lɛesker n Spendios deg « Prion ». Laẓ yewweḍ, ixlafen azenen-d imeqdimen-nsen, i Hamilkar yeḥrez ; ugar n 40 000 n yirgazen ttwanɣan.

238/237Tunes — Spendios akked yimeqdimen ttwasellaben ddaw n lesswar. Mathos yettaṭṭef tacḍit n unezwi wis sin, Hanibal, yessellab-it netta daɣen.

237Leptis d tagara n Mathos — Hanun akked Hamilkar, msefhamen sɣur Ssenaṭ, ḥeznen Mathos qrib Leptis. Yettwazzi deg Qarṭaǧ, yettwaɛneq sɣur lɣaci. Utique d Hippou Acra fkant iman-nsent.

238/237Sardaigne — Ṛuma tṭṭef tigzirt tessuter 1200 n ttalan-nniḍen s tḥadart n umenɣi. Hamilkar yeddu drus mbeɛd ɣer Hispanya.

Polybe ur d-yefka ara iseggasen : tasuddemt tettwabna. Tugget n yimesnezruyen srsen amenɣi seg tagara n 241 armi d tazwart n 237 ; kra smenyafen 240–238, izemzan ițwaseqdacen deg umkan-nniḍen deg usmel-agi.

Amḍiq n yimenɣan

Amenɣi meṛṛa iteddu di tama n Qarṭaǧ, ger wasif n Medjerda akked Sahel.

QarṭaǧTaɛessast neɣ lqelɛa n yixlafenTamddakelt n Qarṭaǧ, teɛdda ɣer yixlafenAmḍiq-nniḍenAmenɣi

SiccaLe Kef. Qarṭaǧ tezzi dinna iɛeskriyen uqeṛḍasen ; dinna i tebda tikker.

TunesAxxam n unemhal n yixlafen deg umenɣi meṛṛa, yettwali ɣer Qarṭaǧ.

UtiqueTamdint tafiniqit taqdimt akteṛ di Tafrikt, tella ɣer rrif n lebḥer. Tettwaḥeṛṣ, imbeɛd teɛda ɣer yixlafen.

Hippou AcraBizerte. Lqerra-s am win n Utique.

BagradasMedjerda, yettwassemma daɣen Macar. Hamilkar yezger-it qrib n tama-ines.

LeptisAmḍiq n umenɣi aneggaru, ahat Leptis Minor (Lamta), ɣef rrif n Sahel.

Rrif n wassa : ifecka n wasif n Medjerda ɛemmṛen agaraw n Utique. Amḍiq n lkamin n Scie ur yettwassen ara ; ur yettwaskan ara ɣef tkarṭa.

Amenɣi « ur yettwasemmeḥ ara »

Tjeɣrit tettnerni

Seg snat tama, tjeɣrit tuɣal d allal n tsertit : imenzaway n yixlafen bɣan ad sgellun lemɛahda meṛṛa, Qarṭaǧ tebɣa ad teg lemtel.

« Ur nessin ula d yiwen umenɣi i d-yuɣalen akteṛ n wa deg tjeɣrit akked tnekra n leqwanin. »
Akken i d-yeqqar Polybe, Imezruyen, I, 88

Aɛnaq n Giscon

Uggaden aḥnin n Hamilkar, Spendios, Autarite d Mathos gezmen ifassen n Giscon akked azal n 700 n yimeḥbas, ggerrẕen-ten, ṛẕen iḍaṛṛen-nsen grent-ten d iddren deg wezger. Srsen ad yeg yal ameḥbus aqarṭaǧi lqerra-nni.

Tiririt n Hamilkar

Hamilkar yeǧǧa aḥnin : imeḥbas ttunefken ɣer ilfan. Ixlafen ugin ula ad rren igerman i Yiqarṭaǧiyen i d-yusan ad sutren-ten.

Tiwwura n Tunes

Spendios yettwasellab zdat lesswar n Tunes. Mathos yettarra mi yeṭṭef anezwi Hanibal — war azday akked mmi-s n Hamilkar —, yesnejla-t ɣef wezger n Spendios, yegzem tlatin n imeqqranen iqarṭaǧiyen ɣer tama-s.

Tagara n Mathos

Yettwaṭṭef qrib Leptis, Mathos yettwazzi deg Qarṭaǧ deg teklal n triyunf, yettwaɛneq s wudem n lmut sɣur imeẓyanen n temdint. Kra n tikwal qqaren-d yettwasellab : Polybe yeqqar-d ɣef aɛnaq azayez, mačči ɣef wezger.

238 send Ɛisa · « Prion »

Lkamin n Scie

Deg 238, Spendios, Autarite akked Zarzas ṭṭfen tiẓgi s azal n 50 000 n yirgazen. Hamilkar yegri amenɣi usrid : yeḥreṣ aɛdaw, yegzem-as lqut, yesseg deg umḍiq i yesεan talɣa n tsekkurt yessemma Prion, « Scie ».

Izzin fell-asen, war lqut ne lemɛawna n Tunes, ixlafen ttțen imeḥbas-nsen, imbeɛd aklan-nsen. Imenzaway qeblen asefham : Hamilkar yessuter ad yefren mraw n yirgazen s lebɣi-s, wiyaḍ ad ṛuḥen s tqendurt. Mbeɛd lemɛahda, yeqqar-d yefren… mraw n imeqdimen i d-iεeddan.

War imenzaway-nsen, ɣilen lemɛahda tḥerreb, lɛesker yeṭṭef leslaḥ. Hamilkar yezzi-t s ilfan-is akked lɛesker-is : ugar n 40 000 n yirgazen mmuten. D tagara n umenɣi, ɣas akken Mathos mazal-it yeṭṭef Tunes.

Polybe, I, 84–85

Tiḥerci yettwasmeyya

Tacḍit-agi, ma d lexdeɛ i telli ? Polybe yesken-d afran n mraw-nni d win ițeddun ɣef wawal n lemɛahda. Imesnezruyen imaynuten ttwalin deg-s aṭas n tikwal tamuɣli tuqsiḥt, i d-yesekknen amenɣi anida ulac ula d yiwet n lqanun yeqqimen.

~50 000 n yixlafen40 000+ n lmutSpendiosAutariteZarzas

Ṛuma, Hiéron akked Sardaigne

Imezdaɣen-nniḍen ḥesben tiwtilin

Deg tazwart, Ṛuma tesken-d lḥala yelhan : tegdel i yimsezzenzen-is ad zzuzzen i yixlafen, teǧǧa Qarṭaǧ ad teẓẓa di Italya, tserreḥ war ssuma i yimeḥbas-ines n umenɣi tenekkar ssuter n Utique ad teg iman-is d tamellalt-is. Hiéron n Syracuse, netta, yazen-d lqut : ur yebɣi ara Ṛuma war umgirdan (Polybe, I, 83 ; Appien, Sicelica, 2).

Maca iɛeskriyen uqeṛḍasen n Sardaigne kkren-d netta daɣen, nɣan anezwi-nsen Bostar, sḍefṛen Iqarṭaǧiyen, uqbel ad ttwasḍefṛen s yiman-nsen sɣur Isardiyen. Yezdeɣ di Italya, ssawalen Ṛuma.

Deg 238/237, mi Qarṭaǧ tebɣa ad tuɣal ɣer tegzirt, Ṛuma teqqar-d belli aheggi-agi ɣur-s yettwasers, teg lameṛ n umenɣi. Teεya, Qarṭaǧ teǧǧa Sardaigne tessexleṣ 1200 n ttalan-nniḍen. Polybe, ɣas akken yesɛa laman di Ṛuma, yeqqar-d lecɣal-agi war ṣṣwab (III, 28).

Tiɣilt n Byrsa di Qarṭaǧ — Tiɣilt n Byrsa : Qarṭaǧ, tettwaḥeṛṣ sɣur lɛesker-is s yiman-is, teqqel ɣef lebḥer-is d yimdukkal-is.

Igmaḏ

Tanyafit i yesnejman amenɣi i d-iteddun

1 200

Sardaigne i yettwaxesren

Ttalan ssutren ugar n lexlaṣ n 241, akked tuǧǧa n Sardaigne, imbeɛd n Corse. Polybe yettwali deg-s yiwet seg ssababat n umenɣi apunik wis sin (III, 10).

237

Tikli ɣer Hispanya

Hamilkar yewweḍ ɣer Gadès akked mmi-s Hanibal. Teḥuddu seg tegzirin-is, Qarṭaǧ tettnadi di Hispanya ɣef nnuqra d yiɛeskriyen i yexṣen.

Barka

Tali n At Barka

Yettwafren sɣur lɛesker mgal Hanun, Hamilkar yeffeɣ seg umenɣi s lɛesker iḥemmlen-t akked lɛawna n ugdud. Amennuɣ ger sin yirgazen-agi yuɣal d ul n tudert tasertant.

Libya

Tafrikt tuɣal ddaw n ufus

Timdinin tilibikiyin ɛeddant ɣer taɣwalt. Qarṭaǧ tkemmel asɣaṛ n yiɛeskriyen uqeṛḍasen, maca lɛesker n At Barka ad qqnen ɣer unezwi-nsen.

Salammbô, ungal n umenɣi

Deg 1862, Flaubert yegg amennuɣ n Iɛeskriyen Uqeṛḍasen d amḍiq n wungal i yesresen azal n lqern tugna n Qarṭaǧ.

Salammbô s uqendur azegzaw d ddheb, aquarelle n Rochegrosse — Salammbô, aquarelle n Georges Rochegrosse i tira yettwaɣzan n 1900.

Gustave Flaubert · 1862

Ungal yeḍfeṛ Polybe s telqey… siwa taneḍmant

Mbeɛd Madame Bovary, Flaubert yebɣa ad yerr Qarṭaǧ ddren. Yeɣra Polybe akked tnac n yimusnawen, imbeɛd izur Tunes akked umḍiq n Qarṭaǧ deg tafsut n 1858. Salammbô yeḍheṛ-d deg 1862 : tiqsiṭ teḍfeṛ s telqey tasuddemt n Polybe, seg timεict n yiɛeskriyen armi d aɛnaq n Mâtho.

Deg ul n tiqsiṭ, yesres taneḍmant n usnulfu-ines : Salammbô, yelli-s n Hamilkar d takahint n Tanit, i Mâtho, anezwi n yixlafen, yettḥemmel s telqey. Flaubert yebna ɣef tɣawsa n tidet : Polybe yeqqar-d belli Hamilkar yegalla yelli-s i ugellid anumidi Naravas — war ma yefka-d isem-is.

N umezruy

Ayen i yeṭṭef Flaubert seg Polybe

Lexlaṣ ur yettwaxelṣen ara, Sicca, tikli ɣer Tunes
Hamilkar, Hanun, Giscon, Spendius, Mâtho, Autharite, Narr'Havas
Amenɣi n Macar akked webrid i d-yesekcem waḏu
Aɛnaq n Giscon akked yimeḥbas
Lkamin n Scie, yettwasemma daɣen « lkamin n tsula », akked laẓ
Lǥuvu n yelli-s n Hamilkar i Naravas
Aɛnaq n Mâtho, yettwazzi deg Qarṭaǧ

D asnulfu

Ayen i d-yesnulfa Flaubert

Salammbô s yiman-is, isem-is d lmuḥibba-s i Mâtho
Tuker n zaïmph, aɣummu iqeddsen n Tanit
Azrem iqeddsen akked leɛwayed n takahint
Lebraṣ n Hanun akked timεict deg yiferkiwen n Hamilkar
Asfel ameqqran n warraw i Moloch deg uḥeṛṣ, yekka-d seg tadyant n 310 i d-yeḥka Diodore (XX, 14) — tɣawsa mazal-itt tettwasmeyya
Asbeddel n Hanibal amecṭuḥ s mmi-s n wakli

Lmirat

1862–1863Amesnemyazal Sainte-Beuve akked umesnefrar Guillaume Froehner smiden ṣṣeḥḥa n wungal ; Flaubert yerra-yasen awal s awal, s yiɣbula.

1863–1866Moussorgski yettwaxdem lopera Salammbô, yeǧǧa-t war tifukt.

1890Lopera n Ernest Reyer, yettwaxdem di Bruxelles ; ḍfeṛen-t lǥafitat, ibellaεen d ifilmen i yesnernan tugna n Qarṭaǧ taɛezrit tuqsiḥt.

Ass-aAgraw n Salammbô, di Qarṭaǧ, anida llant lebḥura ipuniyen akked tofet, yesεa isem-is seg wungal — akked yid-s amur n tugna n Ccerq n temdint.

Pour aller plus loin

Sources de cette page

6 références

Sources antiques

Polybe, ImezruyenI, 65–88 (s telqey 67, 73, 76, 83, 84–85, 88) ; III, 10 ; III, 28 — taqsist kan yemdewwiren n umenɣi
Diodore n Sicile, Axxam n yidlisen n umezruyXXV (ucerreg) ; XX, 14 — tjeɣriyin n umenɣi ; asfel n 310
Appien, Libyca5 — tamsalt n Sardaigne
Appien, Sicelica2 — lemɛawna n Hiéron n Syracuse
Cornelius Nepos, Tudert n Hamilkar2

Travaux modernes

Gustave Flaubert, Salammbô, 1862 — ungal, yettwabder deg usebter

Toute la bibliographie →Glossaire →

Ɣer daɣen

Imenɣan ipunikiyen →

Amezruy n tudert · ~275 – 229/228

Hamilkar Barka

Win ur yettwanɣi ara di Sicile, anyaf n Scie d unettaɛ n Hispanya.

Ɣer →

Aɛesskar

Aɛesskar aqarṭaǧi

Ilibikiyen, imdukkal inumidiyen d yiɛeskriyen uqeṛḍasen : anagraw yelhan, d uẓawan-is.

Ɣer →

Tasertit

Tinmahlin

Ssenaṭ, sufeṭ d tejmaɛt ; Hanun Ameqqran zdat At Barka.

Ɣer →

Krad n yimenɣan ipunikiyen →Amezruy n yimerbaḥ →Tasuddemt n tedyanin →