Animated map
Territories over time, Hannibal's campaign, great voyages and alliances: Carthage and the Mediterranean in motion.
814 BC
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Approximate borders based on historical syntheses (spheres of influence, not modern borders). Base map: Natural Earth. Ancient sites: customary locations.
Further readingSources for this page
6 references
Ancient sources
- Polybius, HistoriesVII, 9 — Punic Wars; treaty between Hannibal and Philip V
- Livy, History of Romebooks 21–30 — Hannibal's route, Second Punic War
- Appian of Alexandria, Libyca — Third Punic War and fall of Carthage
- Anonymous, Periplus of Hanno — Hanno's voyage along the African coast (route debated)
- Pliny the Elder, Natural HistoryII, 169 — voyages of Hanno and Himilco
Modern scholarship
- Natural Earth, Base map — public-domain map data; ancient borders approximate, based on historical syntheses